Term
| Why did Marx Write so much about work? (3 reasons) |
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Definition
1. Labor distinguishes humans from other animals
2. Work is at the very center of life (at the time)
3. Rise of leisure time today suggests labor (for those living in developed parts of the world) may not occupy the same central place |
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Term
| 5 examples of how the state was not involved in national economics |
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Definition
1. No welfare state
2. No legislation protected workers
3. No child labor laws
4. No laws requiring schooling
5. No SSI or Disability Insurance |
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Term
| The 19th century was a period in which the the spirit of_________and the associated ideas known as___________, thrived |
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Definition
| laissez faire, social Darwinism |
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Term
| Workers were forbidden by law from ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the year of the revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Marx not like liberal reforms? |
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Definition
| He thought they were tools of the Proletariat to keep the working class just happy enough to not revolt. |
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Term
| Engels wrote "Thus socialism was, in 1847, a ___________ movement, communism a ____________ movement." |
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Definition
| Middle class. Working Class. |
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Term
| The situations improved in the 1870s. Workers' displeasure caused many governments to allow__________________. |
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Definition
| the formation of unions and political parties. as well as other legislation to protect workers, in fear they would otherwise overthrow the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| class of owners of factories an the means of industrial production |
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Term
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Definition
| working class that sold their labor power for wage |
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Term
| A social class includes those who are_____________________. |
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Definition
| bound together by necessity and common fate |
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Term
| According to Marx, all social conflict reduces to ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stands as an obstacle to class consciousness. when individuals leave the hard work to other and benefit from the hard work of others |
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Term
| Marx described 4 other obstacles |
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Definition
1. isolation of class members with respect to one another
2. turnover in class membership
3. both a favorable standard of living and abject poverty
4.control of media by elites |
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Term
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Definition
| was used in the context of workers separation from and lack of control over the work proces |
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Term
| Alienation occurs in 4 ways |
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Definition
1. work becomes means to an end, not something fulfilling in its own right
2. workers lose sense of identification with what they are producing
3. Workers become alienated from other people
4. Workers become alienated from themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the situation where a person performs more labor than is necessary to produce goods that he consumes |
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Term
| This relationship between the __________ and ___________ that is at the center of class conflict in modern capitalist societies |
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Definition
| supervisor and the worker |
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Term
| Give one example of new form of exploitation |
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Definition
| Constant supervision and monitoring of the workplace. (computer surveillance) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fall of soviet union created the belief that socialist ides were unrealistic
2.absence of revolutionary working class
3. rise of Welfare state which has tamed capitalistic excesses
4. Expansion of the middle class and constriction of the working class |
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Term
| Durkheim's two main types of society |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All soceities become more dense and generally larger, requiring a greater divison of labor. This is mechanistic procees, not based on indivdual settings |
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Term
| Criticism of social evolution theory |
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Definition
| there are probably not enough mechanical societies to group. all based on conjecture |
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Term
| According to Durkheim, What would the future bring? |
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Definition
| New form of social solidarity would eventually emerge in organic societies and will decrease the anomic conditions that the rapid changes of the day had brought. (primitive to advanced society) |
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Term
| Durkheim wanted to separate _______ sociology from social philosophy. ________was his main opponent. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Things, even though they are mental in nature (representations). Every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual act that violates the norm of taking a life. However, it may be a social process. |
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Term
| Society can cause amounts of suicide due to the way in which it__________and ____________its members |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Durkheim's view on crime? |
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Definition
| It is a normal part of all societies. Acts are not inherently criminal, but instead defined as such by collective conscience. |
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Term
| Durkheim defines two states of consciousness the _______ and the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The day to day drag that is mundane life. |
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Term
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Definition
| the elevated sphere one enters to escape the daily life. Enters into relations with higher powers |
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Term
| Religions are only effective because they are ______ not individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is community important in religion? |
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Definition
| group solidarity and ritual practices created a heightened sense of belonging and reaffirmation of beliefs |
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Term
| Give the four forms of collective representation and an example of each. |
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Definition
1. Ideas - images of Muslims as terrorists
2. Words, expressions- anthems, hymns, "sic em"
3. behavioral actions- wedding ceremonies or burials
4. material objects- flag |
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Term
| What is said to be Durkheim's blind spot in regards to political institutions? |
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Definition
| his inadequate understanding of power and politics. He did not foresee the development of political parties |
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Term
| What is a danger of democracy? |
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Definition
| Too many social demands on the state. (There must be a mediator between the state elites and the masses) |
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Term
| What is the main concept or clue in Weber's works? |
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Definition
| Rationalization. (specifically in western societies) |
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Term
| What are the 3 basic underlying motifs of rationalization? |
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Definition
1. Increased Knowledge
2. Growing Impersonality
3. Enhanced Control |
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Term
| Four examples of social institutions that have become rationalized |
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Definition
1. capitalist economy (calculable)
2. labor process (scientific mgmt)
3. legal system (formal documented laws)
4. Bureaucratic admin (impersonality, formal rules, technical efficiency) |
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Term
| Describe Weber's ambivalent attitude. |
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Definition
| In no sphere of life has rationalization unambiguously advanced human life. The rationalization of economic production has formed capitalism. The individual is reduced to a small cog in a ceaselessly moving mechanism. The administration of business and gov't eliminates love, hate and other emotional elements |
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Term
| Disenchantment of the world |
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Definition
| The rise of modern science and the increased knowledge of- and control over- the world that science brings. |
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Term
| Responses to the "Iron Cage" (4) |
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Definition
1. Absolute ethics
2. Aestheticism
3. Eroticism
4. Intellectualism |
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Term
| What did Weber call the three groups of intellectualism? |
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Definition
1. Psychological
2. Political
3. Scientific |
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Term
| Weber's own disenchantment with the iron cage led to his fascination with the concept of __________. |
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Definition
| charisma (must be eventually routinized) |
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Term
| How did Weber differ from Marx in regards to social class? |
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Definition
| Weber saw division into status groups. Status groups are not defined by simply economic position, but rather prestige or honor ("nouveau riche") |
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Term
| How did Weber's methodology differ from Durkheim? |
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Definition
WEber used a compartive historical method rather than statistical, 'scientific' facts.
He also stressed understanding rather than explanation or prediction. |
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Term
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Definition
| actions taken by considering the possible consequences and alternative ways of acting. formal rationality. calculable. |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective belief in the intrinsic value in the way of acting. "substantive rationality" |
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