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Definition
| a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance |
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Definition
| a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society |
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Definition
| crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment |
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Definition
| the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses |
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Definition
| a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law |
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Definition
| a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions |
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Definition
| an organization that exists to enforce a legal code |
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Definition
| a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime |
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Term
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Definition
| a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms |
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Term
| differential association theory |
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Definition
| a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance |
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Definition
| sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced |
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Definition
| attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics |
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Definition
| sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society |
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Definition
| codes that maintain formal social control through laws |
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Definition
| a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual |
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Definition
| punishments for violating norms |
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Definition
| crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force |
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Definition
| a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level |
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Definition
| rewards given for conforming to norms |
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Term
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Definition
| a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others |
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Term
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Definition
| the means of enforcing rules |
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Definition
| deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews |
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Term
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Definition
| the regulation and enforcement of norms |
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Term
| social disorganization theory |
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Definition
| a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals |
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Term
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Definition
| crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force |
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