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| A category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society and who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination |
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| A category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant |
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| Shared cultural heritage or nationality |
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| Negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people |
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| The belief that race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others |
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| Actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals |
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| Individual discrimination |
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| The unfair or unequal treatment of individuals because of their group membership; i.e. when a white landlord refuses to rent to a Mexican American family because they are Mexican American |
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| Institutional discrimination |
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Definition
| Discrimination in which the normal operations and procedures of social institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities; i.e. how the criminal justice system heavily penalizes the use of crack cocaine (more commonly used by minorities) and has lighter punishments for use of other forms of cocaine (that majority group members more commonly use) |
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| An unlawful act of violence motivated by prejudice or bias |
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| A broad range of policies and practices in the workplace and educational institutions to promote equal opportunity as well as diversity |
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| The belief that innate psychological, behavioral, and intellectual differences exist between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and inferiority of the other |
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| The social definitions of and expectations associated with being male or female |
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| A person's biological classification as male or female |
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| Work & Institutional sexism |
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Definition
| Women tend to have jobs that have little prestige, low or no pay, and are more likely to have little to no authority. |
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| Roles into which women are traditionally socialized (i.e. nurturing and emotionally supportive roles) |
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| Roles into which men are traditionally socialized (i.e. task-oriented roles) |
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| Education & Institutional sexism |
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Definition
| Worldwide, women are less likely than men to be literate; the the U.S. men are more likely to have doctorate degrees; historically, women have been socialized to chose marriage and a family over a career |
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| Choices that are limited by the structure of society |
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| The tendency for men seeking or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from their minority status |
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| Jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women |
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| An invisible barrier that prevents women and other minorities from moving into top corporate positions |
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| Number of hate crimes in the U.S.A. in 2007 |
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Definition
| Worldwide, women earn just half of what men earn; in the U.S. in 2008, full-time working women earn an average of 79.9% of what men earn |
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| Term to describe someone (usually women) who maintain the household in addition to a job outside the home |
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| Structural Functionalist view on RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| The differences between racial and ethnic groups are largely cultural; the inequality aggravates social problems, is dysfunctional for society |
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| Conflict view on RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| Economic competition creates and maintains racial and ethnic groups tensions; maintains capitalist interests |
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| Symbolic Interactionist view on RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| Negative terms associated with minorities lead to self-fulfilling prophecies (i.e. the white knight is good, black knight is bad) |
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| Structure Functionalist view on GENDER INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| The traditional division of labor was functional for preindustrial society and has come to be defined as normal and natural over time |
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| Conflict view on GENDER INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| Male dominance and female subordination evolved in relation to the means of production (hunting and gathering); females and males were economic equals |
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| Symbolic Interactionist view on GENDER INEQUALITY |
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Definition
| Through the socialization process, both females and males are taught the meanings associated with being feminine and masculine |
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| Determines life experiences, defines expectations of behavior, influences which social groups we belong to, defines legal status |
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| Prejudice or discrimination based on someone's age |
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| The number of those under 18 or over 65 compared to the number of people between 18 and 65 |
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| The generation responsible for simultaneously caring for their children and their aging parents |
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| Is more difficult because of negative stereotypes, low education/skills, reduced geographic mobility and discrimination. |
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Term
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| Was established to provide medical coverage to those over age 65; doesn't cover routine physical examinations, most immunizations, dental care, glasses, and hearing aids |
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| The difference between Medicare benefits and the actual cost of medical care |
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| Structural Functionalist view on AGING |
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Definition
| The elderly must gradually relinquish their roles onto younger members of society; balance is achieved when age groups perform their respective functions |
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Definition
| Age grading as another form of inequality; individuals on both ends of the age continuum (children and the elderly) are superfluous to a capitalist society |
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| Symbolic Interactionist view on AGING |
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Definition
| Focuses on the stereotypes associated with the elderly; media portrayals of the elderly contribute to their negative image |
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