Term
|
Definition
| The on-going process by which people learn the expectations of society. Peter Berger felt that not only do people live in society, but society lives in people. A form of social control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How one defines oneself. Socialization is the basis for identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expected behavior associated with a given status in society. Learned through socialization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when behaviors & assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organization that are the result of social definitions and processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people are born as blank slates, and values & social attitudes are developed as we age. |
|
|
Term
| Conformity vs. Individuality |
|
Definition
| People tend to conform, but they are not totally passive creatures and some resist society's expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The value a person places on his or her identity. Critical to one's well-being. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To see ourselves as others see us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those who pass on social expectations. Family, the media, peers, religion, sports, school. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those w/whom you interact on equal terms. Ex: friends, fellow students, co-workers, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The expectations that one creates often become the basis for the actual behavior. Ex: teachers are more likely to perceive working-class students as troublemakers which in turn can make these students see and feel these negative appraisals and become troublemakers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The informal and often subtle messages about social roles that are conveyed to children in school. |
|
|
Term
| Theories of Socialization |
|
Definition
| Psychoanalytic Theory, Object Relations Theory, Social Learning Theory, Symbolic Interaction Theory, & (to a different degree) Functionalism & Conflict Theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Originated w/Sigmund Freud. Sees human identity as relatively fixed at an early age and greatly influenced by family. Development of a social identity as unconscious; the unconscious mind shapes behavior. Strong influence of the id, the ego, & the superego. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modification of psychoanalytic theory. Infants identify w/the same-sex parent. A division of labor in the family shapes identity formation. Focus on attachment & individuation, separating oneself from the primary caretaker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people respond to social stimuli in their environment. Considers the formation of identity to be a learned response. Identity is created through reinforcement and encouragement. |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
|
Definition
| Children learn through taking the role of significant others. Identity emerges as the creative self interacts w/the social expectations of others. Human actions are based on meanings that we attribute to things. Mead & Cooley are major theorists in this field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social roles are learned in the family. Socialization occurs in social institutions that function & maintain order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals learn social identities in the context of power relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As defined by Sigmund Freud, the id is our deep drives and urges. The superego represents the standards of society. The ego is the bridge between the 2 that balances our desires and our social expectations. |
|
|
Term
| Attachment & Individuation |
|
Definition
| The making and breaking of bonds w/parents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A feminist sociologist who used object relations theory to explain how gender shapes personalities. Felt the modern family has an asymmetrical division of labor where women "mother" and men do not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A social psychologist that came up w/schema, which are 4 mental categories in which the mind organizes experience: Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, & formal operational. Believed that learning was crucial to socialization, but imagination was also had a critical role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st stage in schema. Use of and connection to the basic senses. Age 0 - 1.5 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd stage in schema. Very egotistical & selfish (everything is "my, my, my"). Uses language & symbols, but are not abstract. Are very concrete w/no concept of speed or weight. Age 1.5 - 5 yrs. |
|
|
Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
|
Definition
| 3rd stage in schema. See things as they are, very literal. Preparation for the next stage. Age 5/6 - 12/13 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4th & final stage in schema. Able to think abstractly, to hypothesize, imagine alternatives, question or challenge ideas & concepts. Some people do not reach this stage if they are not exposed to abstract things or ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relatively stable pattern of thoughts (cognitive, intellect), feelings (emotions), & actions (behaviors). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social psychologist who developed a theory of moral development. Worked w/Piaget. |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
|
Definition
| Preconventional Stage: Children judge right & wrong based on reward & punishment. Conventional Stage: Believing what society tells you in terms of what norms are (heavy emphasis on social acceptance & following authority. Postconventional Stage: Able to consider abstract ethical questions, showing moral maturity (looking @ the principle rather than the actual act). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept of who we are. Formed in relationships w/others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cooley postulated this to explain how a person's conception of self arises through reflection about relationships to others. Ex: how we think we appear, how we think others judge us, & the feelings that result from these thoughts. Involves perception & effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought by Mead as a source of self-awareness. As people take on new roles, their self-awareness changes and identity emerges from the role one plays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goffman's theory that we are all just actors on a stage playing our roles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that we create an image or impression that we are something in particular. A theory of Goffman. Ex: at a job interview we prep a lot and form ourselves to make a good impression and get the job. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Account: an excuse we give after the fact. Ex: if we're late for class, we explain why. Disclaimer: Excuse we give before the fact. Ex: we know we won't make class one day so we give an excuse why we won't be there. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we politely ignore strangers; everyday stuff, & people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To politely ignore embarrassing situations. We do this because we want others to ignore us when we are embarrassed. Ex: someone's fly is down, someone farts, someone has food in their teeth, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technique for studying human behavior by deliberately breaking social norms and then studying peoples reactions to that. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You are who you are because of the roles you take on. We play different roles in our lives and therefore take on different personalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Came up w/looking glass self. You are who you are because of your perceptions of how others react to you. |
|
|
Term
| Mead's socialization stages |
|
Definition
| Imitation: pre-role taking stage, we purely imitate what we see. Play: Begin to act out what we see our significant others say & do, and not do things we are told we aren't "supposed to" do. Game: recognize our position and societal role. Begin to use the "I/Me". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The socialized part of who we are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spontaneous part of who we are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory of Erikson's that when your needs are met as an infant, you learn to trust. When your needs are not met, you learn mistrust. Some feel this affects us as adults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erikson's theory that during adolescence we are confused; don't know where we fit or belong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erikson's theory that as we age we look back on our lives and despair and dwell over regrets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Thomas theory- if you internalize something, it is real. |
|
|
Term
| Social Construction of Reality |
|
Definition
| Written by Berger & Luckmann. 3 stages of construction. Externalization, Objectification, & Internalization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through interaction, people create a meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through habit things will become fact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We believe the meaning w/o question. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coined the term "Symbolic Interaction". There are 3 premises: 1. Act towards things based on the meaning they have for you. 2. The meaning arose out of social interaction. 3. Modify your realities through interpretive process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abstract composite of social rules & social expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of learning new roles and expectations in adult life. |
|
|
Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
|
Definition
| Learning expectations associated with a role one expects to enter in the future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which existing social roles are radically altered or replaced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of individuals that 1. interact & communicate w/each other, 2. share goals & norms, 3. possess a subjective awareness of themselves ("we") as a distinct social unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An established position in a social structure that carries w/it a degree of prestige. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The complete set of statuses occupied by a person at a given time. Ex: A person may be a daughter, a bank president, a voter, & a church member. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a person's statuses significantly differ in their amount of prestige. Ex: Someone trained as a lawyer but working as a cab driver experiences status inconsistency. |
|
|
Term
| Achieved Statuses vs. Ascribed Statuses |
|
Definition
| Achieved statuses are those attained by independent effort. Ex. occupations like cop, lawyer, doctor, etc. Ascribed statuses are those occupied the moment a person is born. Ex. race, biological sex,etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dominant status, overriding all other features of a person's identity. Ex: being in a wheelchair. The person may have other statuses, but the wheelchair is the 1st & main thing people see. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from a single role that brings conflicting expectations. Different from role conflict which is conflict between 2 roles, strain is conflict in a single role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the roles occupied by a person at a given time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where 2 or more roles conflict with each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process by which people control how others perceive them. Ex: A student turning in a late paper may try to explain why with uncontrollable circumstances like the computer crashed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the reward for an interaction exceeds the punishment for it. |
|
|
Term
| Paralinguistic Communication |
|
Definition
| Not what a person is saying, but how they are saying it. Like pitch, loudness, rhythm, emphasis, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When emotions "leak out" nonverbally even when a person tries to conceal them. Ex: People who are lying often betray themselves with nonverbal cues, like no eye contact, twitching, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body language. Involves gestures, facial expression, body position, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of space between interacting individuals. This can be different between the races & cultures. Ex: close friends will stand relatively close to one another. Strangers will stand farther apart. People who are sexually attracted to one another will stand especially close. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more you see someone, in person or in photograph, the more you like them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body of beliefs that are common to a community or society & give people a sense of belonging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When individuals play similar roles to each other within a society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic interrelatedness of different tasks that develop in complex societies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German word that means "community". Communities that are characterized by a sense of "we" feeling, moderate division of labor, strong personal ties, strong family relationships, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German word that means "society". Communities that are characterized by secondary, less intimate relationships such as work roles. |
|
|
Term
| The Six Types of Societies |
|
Definition
| Foraging, Pastoral, Horticultural, Agricultural, Industrial, and Postindustrial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hunter-gatherer society. The technology only enables the hunting of animals & the gathering of vegetation. No refrigeration or processing of foods. Ex: Aborigines of Austrailia & the Pygmies of Central Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technology is based on the domestication of animals. Tend to develop in desert areas, and is nomadic. Ex: Bedouins of Africa & the Middle East. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultivate the land using elaborate hand tools. They practice ancestor worship and conceive deity or deities as creator(s). Role differentiation is extensive. Ex: The Aztecs of Mexico & the Incas of Peru. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technologically based on large-scale farming using plows harnessed to animals. Use irrigation, the wheel, metals, & have the ability to write. Ex: pre-Civil War American South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses machines & other advanced technologies to produce & distribute goods & services. Rely on highly differentiated labor force, & intensive use of capital & technology. Ex: the US (suspended between industrial & postindustrial). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economically dependent on the production & distribution of services, info, & knowledge. Info-based society where technology plays a vital role in society. Heavy importance on education & science. US & Japan are becoming postindustrial societies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group consisting of 2 people, like a duo. Less stable than a large group. Can be primary or secondary. Ex: when paying for groceries, the person paying & the cashier is a type of dyad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group consisting of 3 people. Like a trio. Can be stable or unstable group. Ex: a couple having a baby, or a husband having a mistress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scrutinized dyad & triad. Found that the mere difference between 2 & 3 people in a group spawned entirely different group dynamics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A third person in a triad that is not interacting with the other 2 (the dyad within the triad). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tendency for triads to segregate into a dyad & an isolate, creating a 2 against 1 situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The effects of group number on behavior. Discovered by Simmel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defined by Cooley as a group of intimate interaction & long-lasting relationships. Are small groups. Ex: family, armed forces units, street gangs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defined by Cooley as larger, less intimate, & less long-lasting relationships. Can be small or large groups. Ex: all students in a college, all people in a neighborhood, all people at a corporation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intimacy, companionship, & emotional support supplied by the primary groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Task-oriented needs. Ex: Athletic teams form to have fun & win, Political groups form to raise funds & fight legislature, Corporations form to make profits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups you may or may not belong but use as a standard for values, attitudes, & behaviors. Generalized versions of role models. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principle that we all make inferences or judgments about the personalities of others, such as concluding what others are "really like". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People commonly generate distorted perceptions of people based on whether they are in-group or out-group. Ex: misconceptions between racial groups and between genders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of links between individuals or other social units. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When people are confronted w/a disappointing social behavior, they realize others are like that, but "not me". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the "Asch Conformity Experiment" he showed that even simple objective facts cannot withstand the distorting pressure of group influence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collaborators w/the experimenter who only pretend to be participants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Described by IL Janis as the tendency for group members to reach a consensus opinion even when that decision is downright stupid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for groups to weigh risk differently than individuals do. Ex: people may do more risky things in a group than they would by themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large secondary group. Like a University. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marcuse came up w/this term to describe tasks that we do over & over again, repetitively. How people feel from doing this is Alienation. Ex: Working at a drive-thru @ fast food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ruled by a few rather than being democratic. A board of directors at a company would be an oligarchy. |
|
|
Term
| The Macdonalization of society. |
|
Definition
| The fact that even fun is formally organized. Everything looks the same even at different places. Coined by David Ritzer. Ex: food at different fast food places are prepared virtually the same way. Movie cinemas are set up virtually the same as each other. |
|
|
Term
| Cathedrals of Consumption |
|
Definition
| Different places inside the formally organized place. Coined by David Ritzer. Ex: stores inside a mall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex: employee owned stores, tenant owned rentals, ect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you expand the work to fill the time available for it. "Busy work". Ex: at a restaurant you may sweep the floor to pass the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you rise to a level of incompetence, keep getting promoted whether you can do the job or not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instrumental: Directs the group (ex: the dad in a family); Expressive: Creates the harmony (ex: the mom in a family) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authoritarian: Gives orders; Democratic: Ask what you think, vote; Laisse-Faire: Hands off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homes, cars, clothes that people have. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people who are in the same place @ the same time but don't know anything about each other or what to expect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people that may have the same statuses, but not the same expectations. |
|
|
