Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people’s thought and behavior |
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Definition
| compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure |
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Definition
| Deviance and conformity result, not so much from what people do, as from how others respond to those actions. |
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| Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory) |
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Definition
| passing episodes of norm violation |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated violation of norm. Takes on a deviant identity. |
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Term
| Stigma (Secondary Deviance) |
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Definition
| a powerfully negative social label that changes a person’s self-concept and social identity, operating as a master status. |
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Term
| Which approach is the Labeling Theory? |
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Definition
| Societal-Reaction Approach |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviance is learned in groups ; Exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to a violation of the rules |
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Term
| Routine Activities Theory |
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Definition
| In order to have crime you must have motivated offenders and suitable targets |
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Term
| Which Approach is the Routine Activities Theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Social control depends on imagining the consequences of one’s behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The strain between our culture’s emphasis on wealth and the limited opportunity to get rich gives rise to crime and other forms of deviance. |
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Term
| Who came up with the Strain Theory? |
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Definition
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Definition
| a business supplying illegal goods or services. |
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Term
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Definition
| pursues crime as a day –to-day occupation |
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Definition
| the illegal actions of a corporation or those acting on its behalf |
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Definition
| crimes committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations. |
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Definition
| a criminal act against a person or a person’s property motivated by bias. |
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Term
| Retribution (Reason to Punish) |
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Definition
| an act of moral vengeance by which society subjects an offender to suffering comparable to that caused by the offense. |
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Term
| Deterrence (reason to punish) |
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Definition
| attempt to discourage criminality through punishment. |
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Term
| Rehabilitation (reason to punish) |
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Definition
| reforming the offender to prevent subsequent offenses. |
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Term
| Societal Protection (reason to punish) |
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Definition
| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses. |
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Term
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Definition
| System by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy; trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences; persists over generations; universal but variable; involves inequality and beliefs |
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Definition
| permit some social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for very little change in social position |
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Definition
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| people paid less than charged for food and other necessities |
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Term
| Servile Forms of Marriage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| social stratification based on ascription or birth; determines occupation, mandate endogamy, cultural beliefs underlie system, limit outgroup social contacts |
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Definition
| stratification based on both birth and individual achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| stratification based on personal merit |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratification gives some people advantages over others; classes defined by relationship to the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| people who own factories and other productive businesses |
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Term
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Definition
| sell their productive labor to the capitalists |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 components of stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| similar level of wealth and income |
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Term
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Definition
| people who rank the same in prestige and lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to exercise one’s will over others |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in one’s position in the hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| deprivation of some people relative to those who have more |
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Term
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Definition
| deprivation of resources that is life-threatening |
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Term
| Herbert Gans Functions of Poverty |
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Definition
| Functions of poverty: presence of poor means dangerous jobs will be done at low cost; creates jobs that “service” the poor (i.e. legal & illegal); punishment of poor upholds conventional social norms; guarantees the higher status of the affluent; absorb costs of social change due to lack of political power |
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Term
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Definition
| 35% children, 58% of adults unable to work, 2/3 women, ½ of the women are in transition |
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Term
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Definition
| unmotivated individuals who are unwilling to work |
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Term
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Definition
| rich, industrialized nations |
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Term
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Definition
| some industrialization but primarily agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily agrarian with little industry |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations; tech raises standard of living, tradition greatest barrier to econ development; rich nations play important roles in eco develop (helping control population, increasing food production, industrial tech, foreign aid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones; economic success of rich societies achieved at the expense of the poor; Wallerstein’s capitalist world economy |
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Term
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Definition
| socially constructed category comprised of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important |
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Term
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Definition
| a shared cultural heritage |
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Term
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Definition
| category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| an ideology - belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Psychological Theory on Prejudice & Discrimination |
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Definition
| P&D are the result of individuals who have authoritarian personalities; Fulfills a psychic need |
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Term
| Sociological Theory on Prejudice & Discrimination |
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Definition
| people will act in a way to maximize rewards to themselves and minimize costs |
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Term
| Enculturation Theory on Prejudice & Discrimination |
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Definition
| people are socialized to believe and behave and can be taught to participate or resist |
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Term
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Definition
| racist views provide moral justification for maintaining equal society; discourage members from attempting to question their lowly status; racial myths encourage support for the existing order by introducing that change would only bring greater poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 dysfunctions associated with racism: fails to use resources of all individuals (limits search for talent & leadership); aggravates social problems; must invest time & money to defend barriers of full participation; often undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations |
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Term
| All Weather Liberal (Merton) |
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Definition
| No prejudice or discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| Discrimination, no prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice, no Discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice & discrimination |
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Term
| Institutional Discrimination |
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Definition
| bias inherent in the operation of society’s institutions |
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Term
| reproduction of prejudice & discrimination |
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Definition
| family, education, media, peer groups |
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Term
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Definition
| biological distinction between males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| Expectations for behavior of males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males & females |
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Term
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Definition
| dread of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. |
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Term
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Definition
| an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| an emphasis on maintaining harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family |
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Definition
| Ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social organization in which females dominate males |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social organization in which males dominate females |
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Term
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Definition
| the government defines marriage as between a man & a woman |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| work outside the home followed by child care & housework |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism; importance of change, expanding human choice, eliminating gender stratification, ending sexual violence, promoting sexual freedom |
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