Term
| bottom 40% hardly have any wealth |
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Definition
| whats it like for the bottom of the wealth inequality in America? |
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Term
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Definition
| what percent of americans has 40% of America's wealth? |
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Term
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Definition
| what percent of americans have only 7% of America's wealth? |
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Term
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Definition
| government decides poverty line depending on what you can live on--take in housing and food--how much money do they need to have a month's worth of housing and food? (costs of living are completely different throughout America--no definitive line for poverty) |
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Term
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Definition
| who wrote the wealth of nations--free market is the way to go? |
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Term
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Definition
| is inequality the cause of poverty? |
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Term
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Definition
| if youre in public and don't have shoes but everyone else has shoes--youre publicly made poor (not committing to society's standards); to fully participate in society-most people have cellphones |
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Term
1. infant mortality/life expectancy
2. education
3. physical and mental health
4. divorce and marital conflict
5. political beliefs and voting |
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Definition
| what are 5 things in which inequality and poverty are consequential in all areas of life? |
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Term
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Definition
| this graph shows the difference between different cultures and their inequality: shows the hunting and gathering culture/horticulture and pastoral culture/ agragrian/ industrial/ and post-industrial culture |
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Term
1. hunting and gathering culture- low inequality
2. horticultural/pastoral culture-a little bit more inequality
3. Agragrian--inequality increases
4. industrial-INEQUALITY DECREASES-jobs are needed; more employment for people
5. Post-industrial--inequality increases (inverted n); we need fewer workers; robots and technology are taking over employment; a lot of the jobs are overseas--companies move overseas because the people in that country wqill work for less; high value service jobs (restaurant owner) vs. low value service jobs (janitors of restaurants) |
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Definition
| describe the kuznet curve |
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Term
United States
if we reduce inequality, maybe we can reduce poverty |
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Definition
| what country has the most relative poverty? |
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Term
US has lower long-term unemployment than other countries-it is easier to have employment in US, but a job like Kroger's isn't really enough to help you survive; companies get temporary workers so they don't have to pay for benefits
You keep jobs in Sweden longer because they give you healthcare along with the job; so people don't really skip jobs around a lot in that country; there is more protection for the workers |
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Definition
| what is the difference with the US and Sweden with long term unemployment? |
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Term
1. modernization
2. dependency
3. world system |
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Definition
| what are the three theories of global development and inequality? |
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Term
internally generated growth
-EXPANDING markets and production
-GROWTH FUNDS education and technological advance
-SELF-SUSTAINING THROUGH internal mass consumption-we started giving people credit in the 1980s to help people buy more stuff |
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Definition
| what does modernization result from? (functionalist take) |
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Term
|
Definition
| under the dependency theory with global development and inequality, what two things does the global economy have? |
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Term
| money transferred from poor to rich countries; foreign debt |
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Definition
| what is the net relationship between core and periphery countries? what type of money is transferred over? |
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Term
when someone loans you money, you depends on that money
when a country wants to open trade relations--they dictate the trade relation--we deplete their resources, and there is no jobs in that community anymore--why that part tries to move to America (American Mexican trade) |
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Definition
| describe the dependency theory dealing with global development and inequality |
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Term
| Canada, france, Germany, japan, UK, US |
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Definition
| what are 6 core countries? |
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Term
| china, india, Ireland, mexico, Pakistan, panama |
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Definition
| what are 6 semiperiphery countries? |
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Term
| Afghanistan, Bolivia, chad, Dominican republic, Egypt, Haiti, Philippines, vietnam |
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Definition
| what are 8 periphery countries? |
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Term
| semiperiphery and periphery are dependent on the core; periphery is dependent on the semiperiphery and the core (dell let a place in china let them make various parts in their computers-became too reliable on the company in china--china then decided to compete against dell-this helped china move up as semiperiphery) |
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Definition
| what is the relationship between the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? |
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Term
1. bourgeoisie- upper class
2. proletariat- lower class |
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Definition
| what are the two different classes that Marx came up with? |
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Term
|
Definition
| if you own a factory, you own the means of production; if you don't own a factory, you own the means of labor. what kind of theory does this create? |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proletariat-you make money off proletariat-they make the chair for $1, but its sold for $10 |
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Term
1. class
2. status
3. power |
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Definition
| what three different axes did Weber see? |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three of Webers different axes; this is where you get your lifestyle and prestige; same income or neighborhood--day to day activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of three of webers different axes. the ability to get someone to do something that otherwise someone wouldn't do; manager of mcdonalds-has more power because you can tell people what to do-but youre still not upperclass--do not own means of production; police union are powerful peole-can get us to do things that we wouldn't voluntarily do-but are working people and still make workers wage |
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Term
|
Definition
| created the sifts and sorts hypothesis |
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Term
| someone performing brain surgery is more important than someone collecting trash; we need both kinds of people though--incentives; helps find certain people through inequality |
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Definition
| what is davis-moore's sift and sorts hypothesis? |
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Term
| we need people to self-select--weeds out people who suck at it; we need the right people in the right jobs and through stratification, it will help us select who goes into what job |
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Definition
| what is a functionalists perspective about the davis-moore sifts and sorts hypothesis? (brain surgeons are more important than people who collect trash but we need both kinds of people--helps find certain people through inequality) |
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Term
| the conflict approach will argue that the lower class person doesn't have the resources to even go to college, even though him/her could be a better surgeon |
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Definition
| what is the conflict theorists approach towards the davis-moore sifts and sorts hypothesis? (brain surgeons are more important than people who collect trash but we need both kinds of people--helps find certain people through inequality) |
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Term
| disposable income--money left over after all expenses, wealth, character/personality, tax brackets, CONSUMPTION (WHAT YOU BUY), SPOUSE, LIFESTYLE, NETWORKS |
|
Definition
| how can you measure class? |
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Term
|
Definition
what type of class is this?
you can buy more than what you need-but not crazy luxurious things |
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|
Term
1. Life style--size of home:rent/own; safety of neighborhood; products and services consumed (lexus vs. bus); winter break drinking expresso inparis or working in Cleveland; friend selection/mate selection
2. money: income--money earned through work (wages); wealth--financial assets (stocks/bonds) and consumer durables (home, boat, car)
3. social mobility: class system vs caste systme |
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Definition
| how do you measure social class? |
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|
Term
caste system is a very rigid social structure whereas the class system is easier to move between the levels of social structure
-(father's occupation determining son's occupation) in US upper middle and lower manual are more closed, while lower middle and upper manual is more open |
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Definition
| what is the difference between the caste system vs. the class system? |
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Term
| intergenerational mobility |
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Definition
| within 2 generations (from one generation to another) |
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Term
| intragenerational mobility |
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Definition
| within the same generation/within your lifespan |
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Term
|
Definition
| money, the prestige of your job; individual achievement |
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Term
|
Definition
| your spot in the social structure; filling a space-not really so much individual; lifestyle, age, gender stratification |
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Term
|
Definition
| pervades the other two definitions; the ability to be able to get someone to do something that a person usually wouldn't do |
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Term
| dominant ideology/hegemony |
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Definition
| people who have power will dictate how culture is for themselves and everyone else; they may produce these ideas so they can prove that they are better than most people |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reason why you make more money than someone else is because you had a better idea or worked harder than that other person |
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Term
| because it helps motivate people to work harder and to create system stability |
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Definition
| why are different ideologies functional? |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way you dance/clothes you wear/food you eat/drink you drink/how close you stand (the WASPS) |
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Term
1. going to college instead of just going on into the work force
2. death tax-affects people who own TV stations and politicians |
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Definition
| what are 2 examples of trends or good things that upper class people did to society? |
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Term
|
Definition
| identify;physical characteristics deemed imported; shared history; value; language and religion; a socially constructed category that biologically (skin color) shares transmitted traits that society thinks are important |
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Term
|
Definition
| shared culture; heritage--ancestors, language, religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| there are more women than men on the planet, but women are considered the _____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| how we created races through the processes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A + B + C = D
when you have two different types of populations and create a new race; you have a parent from Poland and a parent from Italy-they come to US and they create this new race |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group |
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Term
| pluralism (mosaic "tapestry of many colors") |
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Definition
| the salad bowl theory; china town; maintain their own language, culture, and identity; people are mixed together but are not assimilating into the new dominant culture |
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Term
| legal protection of minorities |
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Definition
| Cuban americans--of cold war--US was welcoming of Cuban refugees (Mexican immigrant doesn't get as much protection as does a Cuban) |
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Term
| subjugation/discrimination |
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Definition
| civil rights movement passes--people of south are not going to treat African americans as equal; almost takes force to make whites treat blacks equal |
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Term
|
Definition
| physically remove a group of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| trail of tears-US removed native americans from their homes--they knowingly gave diseased blankets to native americans with the intention of killing them off; Rwanda is currently going through one right now; the holocaust--systematic murder of an entire population; Nazi regime; extermination |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative attitude against a group |
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Term
|
Definition
| a generalization for a whole group |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves some kind of action in a power dynamic- when you don't let some get a house/job/vote/participate. someone in a powerful position is excluding someone |
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Term
|
Definition
| (extension of prejudice) negative attitude towards a race of people; a race may be seen as inferior (dumber or less talented) |
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Term
1. structural (wealth inequality, residential segregation, education inequality)
2. institutional (banks, police, places of employment favor white individuals over people of color)
3. Individual (prejudice, stereotypes, racism, internalized oppression) |
|
Definition
| what are 3 types of racial inequality? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of racial inequality; making an area of whites a higher cost of living where blacks cannot afford to live in that area, which keeps residential segregation |
|
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Term
| institutional racial inequality |
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Definition
| a type of racial inequality; banks had maps that had the black neighborhoods red line-if youre in a red area, you would not be able to get a loan; the system is set up where you will start favoring people |
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Term
| no- each level influences and mutually reinforces other levels. cannot achieve racial equality/racial justice without change on all 3 levels |
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Definition
| can we achieve racial equality if racial justice is made equal on one of the levels of the 3 types of racial inequality? |
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Term
| she makes the argument that being in a minority pretty much says that you have a felony on your record |
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Definition
| Devah pager (2009) sent out resumes that would indicate that youre apart of the white race or black race or any other race but the resumes would be equal in every way. what argument does she make after her findings? |
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Term
|
Definition
| why is inequality hard to change? |
|
|
Term
| there are roles each must play. men provide most money (wont have to cook or take care of kids) while women fulfill home tasks (cook/clean/reproductive labor) |
|
Definition
| what is the functionalist perspective on gender inequality? |
|
|
Term
| men make the money so they have most of the power |
|
Definition
| what is the conflict perspective on gender inequality? |
|
|
Term
| they would ask individuals or small groups about gender roles and the meaning of gender inequality |
|
Definition
| what is the symbolic interactionist perspective on gender inequality? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a high degree of disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system in which the social levels are closed, so that all individuals remain at the social level of their birth throughout life |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system in which social mobility allows an individual to change his or her socioeconomic position; economically based |
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Term
|
Definition
| categories of people sharing common characteristics without necessarily interacting or identifying with one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| social position linked to an individuals acquisition of socially valued credentials or skills |
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Term
|
Definition
| social position linked to characteristics that are socially significant but cannot generally be altered (such as race or gender) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person's economic position in society, usually associated with income, wealth, and occupation, and sometimes associated with political voice |
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Term
|
Definition
| the opportunities and obstacles a person encounters in education, social life, work, and other areas critical to social mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| the upward or downward status movement of individuals or groups over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of money a person or household earns in a given period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the value of everything a person owns minus the value of everything he or she owes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of wealth that excludes illiquid personal assets such as a home and car |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person's main vocation or paid employment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the prestige associated with a social postion |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to exercise influence on political institutions and/or actors in order to realize personal or group interests |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas that lack sources of competitively priced healthy and fresh food |
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Term
|
Definition
| the dollar amount set by the government as the minimum necessary to meet the basic needs of a family |
|
|
Term
| the differential distribution of rewards ensures that highly valued positions are filled by well-prepared and motivated people |
|
Definition
| what is the functionalist perspective in why poverty exists and persist in class societies? |
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Term
|
Definition
| the systematic disparities in income, wealth, health, education, access to technology, opportunity, and power among countries, communities, and households around the world |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| _____- income countries are those that are highly industrialized, characterized by the presence of mass education, and both urbanized and technologically advanced (US, Canada, japan, germnay, Norway, Estonia, Australia) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ______-income countries (lower and upper middle combined) (Armenia, Belarus, south and cental American states like brazil and belize; middl emeastern countries like Lebanon and iran; Asian states such as Indonesia, india, china and African countries like morocco and Senegal); on the path to economic diversification and development, though most also started down the road to urbanization and industrialization much later than the high-income countries and still lag in instituting mass education |
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Term
|
Definition
| ____-income countries lack a stable middle class (south Asian states like Bangladesh and Cambodia; Somalia and central African republic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by severe deprivation of human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of correlation is it between maternal education and decreased rsik of child mortality? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a market-oriented development theory that envisions development as evolutionary and guided by "modern" institutions, practices, and cultures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the theory that the poverty of some countries is a consequence of their exploitation by wealthy states, which control the global capitalist system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the theory that the global capitalist economic system has long been shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who have ordered it in a way that favors their interests |
|
|
Term
| modernization theory implies that high-income states want to encourage the full development of low-income countries, dependency theory suggests there is a direct relationship between the affluence of one and the poverty of the other |
|
Definition
| modernization theory vs. dependency theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| sees relationships between states, such as those between core and periphery states, as fundamentally exploitative;l that is some countries benefit to the detriment of others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this theorists fails to recognize external obstacles to development and the ways in which well-off states benefit from the inferior economic position of poor states |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who share a set of characteristics (usually physical characteristics) deemed by society to be socially significant |
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Term
|
Definition
| characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practices |
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Term
|
Definition
| less powerful groups who are dominated by a more powerful group and, often, discriminated against on the basis of charactersitics deemed by the majority to be socially significant |
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Term
|
Definition
| the practice of separating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups, characterized by acceptance of one another's differences |
|
|
Term
| it marginalizes some members of the group |
|
Definition
| why cant racism be functional? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that one racial group is inherently superior to another; often results in institutionalized relationships between dominant and minority groups that create a structure of economic, social, and political inequality based on socially constructed racial or ethnic categories |
|
|
Term
| slavery was a benefit to plantation owners and their families, who could reap the financial benefits of a population of workers who could be bought and sold, who could be exploited and abused, and who performed difficult and demanding work without pay |
|
Definition
| conflict perspective on racism and minority status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attribute that is deeply discrediting to an individual or a group because it overshadows other attributes and merits the individual or group may possess. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the generalization of a set of characteristics to all members of a group |
|
|
Term
| individual discrimination |
|
Definition
| overt and intentional unequal treatment, often based on prejudicial beliefs |
|
|
Term
| institutionalized discrimination |
|
Definition
| unequal treatment that has become a part of the routine operation of such major social institutions as businesses, schools, hospitals, and the government |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the mass, systematic destruction of a people or a nation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriately "masculine" or "feminine" in a particular culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that orginiate in genetic differences |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| behavioral characterstics that differ between males and females based on culturally enforced and socially learned norms and roles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the unpaid housework that women typically do after they come home from their paid employment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which an individual is at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about his or her social group (girls are worse at math-taking a math test and compares it with boys) |
|
|
Term
| occupational segregation by gender |
|
Definition
| the concentration of men and women in different occupations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that highlight reasons that women or men may "prefer" particular occupations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that highlight the needs and preferences of the employer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an artificial boundary that allows women to see the next occupational or salary level even as structural obstacles keep them from reaching it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nearly invisible promotional boost that men gain in female-dominated occupations |
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