Term
| "Michel Apted's Up! series: Public Sociology or folk sociology through film?" |
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Definition
Mitchell Duneier
(Inequality) |
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Term
| "The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects our Health and Longevity" |
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Definition
Michael Marmot
(Inequality) |
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Term
| "Class in America: Shadowy Lines that Still Divide," |
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Definition
Janny Scott and David Leonhard
(Inequality Today) |
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Term
| "Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System" |
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Definition
Douglas S. Massey
(Inequality Today) |
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Term
| "Diagnosing moral disorder: the discovery and evolution of fetal alcohol syndrome" |
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Definition
Elizabeth M Armstrong
(Health-The Social Construction of Disease) |
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Term
| "People like that are the only people here" |
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Definition
Lorrie Moore
(Health-The Sociology of Medicine) |
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Term
| "The Social Transformation of American Medicine" |
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Definition
Paul Starr
(Health-The Political Sociology of Health Care) |
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Term
| "Gendercide" The Worldwide War on Baby Girls" |
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Definition
The Economist, March 4, 2010
(Social Change-How Social Change works) |
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Term
| "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields" |
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Definition
Paul Dimaggio and Walter Powell
(Social Change-How Social Change works) |
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Term
| "The Process of Creative Destruction" in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy |
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Definition
Joseph Schumpeter
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
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Term
| "Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life" |
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Definition
Robert Reich
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
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Term
| "It's a Flat World After All" |
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Definition
Thomas Friedman
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
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Term
| "Always On/Always On You: The Tethered Self" in Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies |
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Definition
Sherry Turkle
(Social Change-The Media and Social Change) |
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Term
| "Goodbye to the Age of Newspapers (Hello to a New Era of Corruption)" |
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Definition
Paul Starr
(Social Change-The Media and Social Change) |
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Term
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Definition
Miguel A Centeno and JN Cohen
(Social Change-The Global Web) |
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Term
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Definition
Mitchell Duneier
(Thinking Sociologically about…Homelessness) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Jesuit Maxim that Apted's "Up!" series began with |
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Definition
| "Give me the child until he is seven and I will give you the man." |
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Term
| What "Up!" started being about and how it ended |
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Definition
-class used as category to understand lived experiences
-became about how childhood personality foreshadows adult personality (and whether there is a large or small degree of stability" |
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Term
| Problems with the "Up!" series |
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Definition
-it downplays the English school system and eclipses the labor market
-disregards key sociological variables like: social networks, peer groups, neighborhoods, wealth, etc
-"for the sociological perspective, it is not enough to know about these traits and dispositions, but how they merge with social mechanisms to form particular outcomes" |
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Term
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Definition
health follows a social gradient, the higher the status, the healthier they are likely to be
-due to degrees of control and participation (autonomy)
Marmot |
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Term
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Definition
| how much control you have over your life and the opportunities you have for full social engagement and participation are crucial for health, well-being, and longevity |
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Term
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Definition
| the importance of where one stands relative to others in the hierarchy (Marmot) |
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Term
| criterion for determining class |
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Definition
education, income, occupation, and wealth
(Scott & Leinhardt) |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of allocation of people to social categories and industrialization of practices that allocate resources unequally across these categories (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| people in one social group expropriate a resource produced by members of another social group and prevent them from realizing the full value of their effort in producing it (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| one social group restricts access to a scarce resource, either through outright denial or by exercising monopoly control that requires out-group members to pay rent in return for access (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people copies a set of social distinctions and interrelationships from another group or transfers the distinctions and interrelationships from one social setting to another (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which human beings are psychologically programmed to categorize people they encounter and to use these categorizations to make social judgments (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| predetermined emotional orientation toward individuals or objects (it includes both conscious and unconscious components)(Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
axes of warmth and competence
- low warmth, low competence--despised out-group
- high warmth, low competence--pitied out-group
- low warmth, high competence--envied out-group
- high warmth, high competence--Esteemed in-group
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Term
| warmth and competence definitions |
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Definition
warmth: how likable and approachable a person is
competence: getting things done |
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Term
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Definition
low levels of warmth and competence
-become dehumanized at the neutral level
-makes them feel that they can treat them as animals or objects
(Massey) |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| natural tendency to attribute behavioral outcomes to characteristics of the people involved rather than the structure of the situation (blame the victim) (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
opposite bias than "blaming the victim" when making attributions about themselves at least with respect to negative outcomes
i.e. others are on welfare because they are wealthy, I am on it b/c I lost my job, etc (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| a social connection to another person or membership in a social organization yields tangible benefits with respect too material, symbolic, or emotional resources (Massey) |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge and manners that don't make individuals more productive in and of themselves, but that permit them to be more effective as actors within a particular social context (Massey) |
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Term
| effect of spatial boundaries on stratification |
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Definition
| spatial segregation renders stratification easy, convenient, and efficient because simply by investing and disinvesting in a place, one can invest or disinvest in a whole set of people (Massey) |
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Term
| 3 categorical distinctions for stratification |
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Definition
1.race-racial gap in median incomes still exists and Latino & black gap has closed down
2.class-the rich get richer
3.gender-women 2nd class citizens politically and economically
after 1960s gap closed a little but not b/c of real improvements fro women but decline in those for men (Massey) |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| constellation of symptoms including pre and/or post natal growth retardation, central nervous system disorders including developmental delay and intellectual impairment and characteristic craniofacial abnormalities linked to drinking during pregnancy (Armstrong) |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who sees 'some evil which profoundly disturbs him (becker) and who sets out to remedy the situation (in Armstrong) |
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Term
| the effect of morality on scientific literature |
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Definition
| "The bias towards positive results in the scientific literature is exacerbated when there is an overt moral dimension to the research question at hand, as in the case of substance use in pregnancy" |
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Term
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Definition
-"disease may be used to exert social control, at once expressing and reinforcing social ideologies"
-victim-blaming strategy
'the mom has to change' vs. the society at large/structures must change (Armstrong) |
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Term
| key elements of social construction |
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Definition
| collective definition, power and expertise, timing, social conflict(used to control and manipulate the social order) (Armstrong lecture) |
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Term
| disease biologically and socially |
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Definition
| disease is biological and real, yet we must look at other factors about how it is seen by the society (social construction of TB) |
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Term
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Definition
how individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality
involves:
1.collective definition
2.power and expertise; consensus
3.timing; it's ongoing
4. subject to conflict, negotiation
(Armstrong) |
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Term
| What is it that sets the sick apart? |
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Definition
1.incapacity
2. pain and suffering
3. changed notion of time
4. relationship to morality (awareness; frailty of out body)
5.magical thinking (limits of human understanding and knowledge; resort to non-rational thinking)
6. Association with morality (health as virtue, sickness as sin) |
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Term
| Characteristics of "the sick role" |
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Definition
1.exempt from normal/regular responsibilities
2.not expected to get well by an act of will alone
3. obligated to get better
4. obligated to seek care and to cooperate (except for chronic illness like diabetes, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which one learns how to behave in a group (Armstrong) (like the mother in the hospital in Moore) |
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Term
| Illness from the doctor's perspectives |
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Definition
-patients as problems; puzzles
-doctors must attend to feelings and emotions of patients and their families
-doctors might have to transmit difficult news to patients
-patients remind doctors of their own weaknesses
-doctors are reminded of pain and suffering all the time |
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Term
| asymmetries in doctor and patient roles (focusing on hospitals) |
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Definition
1. doctor is active, patient is passive
2. imbalance of knowledge and power (Doctor's orders, docs do most of the ?s)
3. radically different perspectives ("to most physicians, my illness is a routine incident in their rounds, while for me it's the crisis of my life."-Brayard) |
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Term
| emotion management strategies of doctors |
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Definition
-distancing
-objectifying, de-personalizing patient
-privileging 'objective' medical knowledge
-jargon and language |
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Term
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Definition
| medicine profession turns authority into social privilege, economic power, and political influence (Starr) |
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Term
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Definition
| the possession of some status, quality, or claim that compels trust or obedience (Starr) |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that particular definitions of reality and judgments of meaning and value will prevail as valid and true (Starr) |
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Term
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Definition
| dependence on the professional's superior competence (Starr) |
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Term
| professionalism in medicine serves as: |
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Definition
1. basis of solidarity for resisting forces that threaten the social and economic position of an occupational group
2.basis for resisting competition from other practitioners
3.ground for resistance to government |
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Term
| contributions to gendercide |
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Definition
-ultrasound and other technologies allowed for knowing sex of babies-sex selection
-sexual disparities tend to rise with income and education (not 'backward thinking') |
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Term
| Some effects of gendercide |
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Definition
*rising population of frustrated, single men--violence and crime (bride abduction, trafficking of women, rape & prostitution)
*women are committing suicide (maybe cannot live with knowledge that they have killed daughters)
*savings rate in China has increased (in order to attract a wife)(-the Economist) |
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Term
| what produces bureaucratization as an iron cage? |
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Definition
| competition among capitalist firms in marketplace; competition among states, which increases ruler's need to control staff and citizenry;and bourgeois demands for equal protection under the law (Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life" (Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
| how have the causes of bureaucratization changed? |
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Definition
| structural change in organization seems less and less driven by competition or need for efficiency but now occur as the results of processes that make organizations more similar without making them more efficient (Powell & Dimaggio) |
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Term
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Definition
(Hawley's description-1968)
a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other unites that face the same set of environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| competitive and institutional |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms of institutional isomorphic change |
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Definition
| coercive, mimetic, and normative |
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Term
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Definition
isomorphic process that stems from political influence and the problem or legitimacy
common legal environment
i.e. response to gov mandate
(Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
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Definition
isomorphic process resulting from the standard responses to uncertainty
uncertainty encourages imitation
-companies adopt 'innovations' to enhance their legitimacy
(Dimaggio & Powell) |
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Term
| normative isomorphism and the definition of professionalization |
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Definition
isomorphic process associated with professionalism
professionalization:the collective struggle of members of an occupation to define the conditions and methods of their work to control 'the production of producers' and to establish a cognitive base and legitimation of their occupational autonomy
(Dimaggio and powell) |
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Term
| implications of isomorphism for social theory |
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Definition
power to set norms, standards, and premises that shape and channel behavior
-important for gov to know/understand how their policies affect organization |
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Term
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Definition
| essential fact in capitalism in which old economic structures are destroyed and new ones created (Shumpeter) |
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Term
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Definition
globalization has collapsed time and distance and raised the notion that someone anywhere on earth can do your job, more cheaply
-playing field being leveled
(Friedman) |
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Term
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Definition
| created a global, web-enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration on research and work in real time, without regard to geography, distance, or, in the near future, even language (Friedman) |
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Term
| social consequences of capitalism |
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Definition
urban squalor, measly wages and long hours for factory workers, child labor, widening inequality, decline/abandonment of smaller towns and cities
-capitalism became more powerful than democracy (Reich) |
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Term
| effect of unionization and rigid oligopolistic structure on jobs |
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Definition
| it constrained competition and innovation in favor of economies of scale, making jobs more stable (Reich) |
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Term
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Definition
power shifted to consumers and investors at the expense of citizens (employees)(Reich)
replaced democratic capitalism--a planned economy, run by businesses |
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Term
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Definition
new transportation and communications technologies (from Cold War) reduced costs of moving from one point of the world's surface to another
-it wasn't competition between foreign companies and American companies |
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Term
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Definition
| deregulation created new opportunities and new forms of competition |
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Term
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Definition
| tethering devices allow individuals to be in several places at the same time (call from daughter brings women back to role of mom (even at work)-Turkle |
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Term
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Definition
| "Once done surreptitiously, the habit of electronic co-presence is no longer something people feel they need to hide. Indeed, being 'elsewhere' than where you might be has become something of a marker of one's sense of self-importance" -Turkle |
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Term
| effects of being tethered |
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Definition
-not only connecting to other people but to oneself
-what is not being cultivated is the ability to be alone, to reflect on and contain one's emotions
-needing validation for our feelings to become established
-brevity and speed
-traditional rituals of separation are undermined (work & life lines blurred)
-underestimating importance of face-to-face connections |
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Term
| continuous partial attention |
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Definition
attention sharing
-we devalue attention and deny the importance of giving it to one thing and one thing only-Turkle |
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Term
| Problems/challenges w/ 'study' for "Always-on/Always-on-you: The tethered self" |
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Definition
| Looks only at those that can afford tethering devices or that choose to become engaged in them-Turkle |
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Term
| why would less print newspapers increase corruption? |
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Definition
newspapers were 'the eyes on the state' providing most of the original coverage of public affairs
-people would buy newspapers for the ads (or sports sec, etc) & scan the front page and find out about public affairs (decreased incidental learning)
-w/ internet, advertising in newspapers decreased, readership decreased, people don't know about corruption of state-Starr |
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Term
| news distributed to the public is public good- |
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Definition
1. from political standpoint, news contributes to a well-functioning society inasmuch as it enables the public to hold gov & other institutions accountable
2. economic use--can be passed easily and instantly |
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Term
| why were newspapers strong? |
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Definition
not because they had news but because they served as market intermediaries
-Starr |
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Term
| effects of extreme isolation |
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Definition
| The comparative facts seem to indicate that the stages of socialization are to some extent necessarily related to the stages of organic development. If the delicate, complex, and logically prior stages of socialization are not acquired when the organism is plastic, they will never be acquired and the later stages never achieved (except crudely). |
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Term
| Cooley- Mead-Dewey-Faris theory of personality |
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Definition
| human nature is determined by the child's communicative social contacts as much as by his organic equipment and that the system of communicative symbols is a highly complex business acquired early in life as the result of long and intimate training. It is not enough that other persons be merely present; these others must have an intimate, primary-group relationship with the child.-Kingsley Davis |
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Term
| with what does 'acquiring a self" begin? |
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Definition
| it begins with the communication process -Kingsley Davis |
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Term
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Definition
a historically created social system (a structure of relationships between organizations and individuals that has evolved over time in response to challenges and promises)
-socially constructed through expectations of behavior and the institutionalized rules governing it -Centeno |
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Term
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Definition
proponents-brings freedom and riches, obeys basic natural laws
opponents-violation of human nature, which leads to exploitation -Centeno |
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Term
| Central Message of Centeno's book on Globalization |
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Definition
| "A central message of this book has been the limits of the term 'global.' The world is not flat. (enphasis mine)For large parts of humanity (if not the majority) economic globalization has been much more of a whimper than a bang. The kinds transactions that we associate with the global economy-eating at a McDonald's, logging onto the Web, and flying to a different country-are not universally available. Even for those who do participate in the global economy system, the majority do so on a relatively limited basis. -201 |
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