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-two or more people who identify and interest with one another
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-a small social groupe whose members share personal and lasting relationships -intimate -informal -expressive -personal -function:diffuse -solidarity: mechanical benefits/cost: rigid/conforming, inefficent, fragile, self-enhancing -societal type: gemeinschaft (community) care about each other
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-a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity -impersonal -formal -instramental -goal -function: specific -solidarity: organic benefits/cost: freedom, efficent, stable, alienating societal type: gesseischaft (organization) business - act like they care, but really dont (they do it for business)
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-group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks -members look to instramental leaders to make plans, give orders, and make things
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-group leadership that focuses on the groups well being -take less of an interest in achieving goals and focus on promoting the well-being of members and minimizing tension and conflict among members
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-focuses on instramental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making, and demands that group members obey orders -appreciated in a crisis
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-more expressive, making a point to include everyone in a decision-making process |
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-allows the group to function more or less on its own -leave it alone -least effective in promoting group goals
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-the tendancy of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
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-a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
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-a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
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-greek for pair -used to designate a social group with two members, more intense than a larger group because niether member shares others attention with anyone else. -in US, marriages, love affairs, and close friendships are dyadic
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-a social group with three members, which contains three relationships, each usiting two of the three people -more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator if relations between the other two become strained
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| Ways social diversity influences intergroup contact |
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1. large groups turn inward: create large groups to say combine ethnic groups, but in return smaller groups are formed of seperate ethnic groups 2. heterogeneous groups turn outward: various sexes and social back-grounds typically have more intergroup contact than those with members of one social category 3. physical boundaries create social boundaries: a social group is physically segregated from others, its members are less likely to interact with other people
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- a web of weak social ties -fuzzy group contain people who come into occisional contact but lack a sense of boudaries and belonging
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social groups: where people gather to interact, small and close aggregated (crowd): join for a certain reason, not for interaction Category: people have a trait in common easy to become sterotypes
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| Types of Secondary Groups |
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FORMAL ORGANIZATION -impersonal -instrament -rigid patterns -coercive -renumerative (in it for the money) -normative (value system promoting) BUREACRACY
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| Bureacracy: the ideal type |
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-the ideal type -important because generation is bureacracy -develope in any society -elements: -rational: always doing effective and efficent -heirachy: people at top manage the organization -specialization: individual with different skills knowleges, gets the job done -rules and regulations: policy and procedure manual, job description, so there is no misunderstanding -technical competence: carry out duties, hire new people according to set standards and monitor thier performance -"office" impersonality: to perform job with emotional dettachment
-formal communication: goes from top down, email, written memos, not face to face |
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| Bureacracy: the irony of it |
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-Inflexability: don't like change -Inertia: the tendancy of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves, designed to provide one product, even when it has no effect -Goal displacement: loose sight of what we were set up to do, and do something else (empore building: grow bc bigger = harder to shut down) -Protectionism: play it safe ( americal medical system- paitents dying from bad care no recorded)
-Gatekeeping: organization gets too large ang people complain about you, so try to keep people from getting you (sdsu- too big budget cut, high tuition) -Ritualism: following policy and procedures rather than doing the job -Waste -personal: more managers than need -material: money budget, don't want to give back money so spend it on stupid stuff -client: how long spent in line, on hold -Miscommunication: always from top down, how does down communicate with top, top doesnt know whats going on -dehumanizing -irrational rationality: do stupid and harmful things
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-Ritzer -cannot mass produce and maintain quality -efficiency
-uniformity, everything is alike -control: humans dont do anything all machine easy like ovens set to timers and temps register has picture of food
-predictabilty -customer as worker (create your own salad) -control through animation: everything pre-made, pre-recordings
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| Utilitarian Organizations |
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- one that pays people for their efforts -ex: a business, government agency, school system
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-not for income, but to pursure some goal they think is morall worth while -sometimes called volunarty associations -ex: community service groups, political parties, religious groups
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-involunary memberships, people are forced to join as a form of punishment or treatment -ex: prison, rehab
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-values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
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-a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
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| Rationalization of Society |
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-the historical human change from to rationality as the main mode of human thought |
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| Organizational Environment |
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factors outside an organization that affects its operation types: -technology (modern organizations): new technology gives workers access to more info -economic and political trends: helped or hurt by this, also face competition and changes in law - current events: affects org. that are far way also, hurriccane slowdown world economy - population patterns: avg. age, level of education, ect. determine the available workforce
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-a focus on the rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals |
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- the rule of the many by the few
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-the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organizations
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-the recognized violation of cultural norms (norms guide is virtually all human activities)
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-the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law, spans a wide range from minor traffic violations to sexual asault to murder |
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-attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
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-a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the low
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| Emile Durkheim's deviance insight |
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1. deviance affrims cultural values and norms:there can be no good without evil and no justice without crime 2. responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries: people draw a boundary between right and wrong 3. respinding to deviance brings people together: people reafirm the moral ties of deviance and bind together 4. deviance encourages social change: deviant people push a society's moral boundaries, their lives suggest alternatives to the status quo and encourage change
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-Robert Merton argued that too much deviance results from particular social arrangements
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the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how other respond to those actions -stresses the relativity of deviance, mean that people may define the same behavior in any number of ways
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-some normative violations provoke slight reaction from others and have little effect on a person's self concept
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-response to primary deviance, by which a person begins to take on a deviant identity and repeatedly breaks the rules
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-a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
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| Retrospective and Projective Labeling |
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Retrospective labeling: a reinterpretation of the person's past in light of some persent deviance -it distorts a persons biography by being highly selective, typically deepens a deviant identity Projective labeling: using a deviant identity to predict the person's future actions
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| Medicalization of deviance |
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-the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
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| Edwin Sutherland and differential association |
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-Sutherland's theory that a persons tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount ofcontact with other who encourage or reject conventional behavior |
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-TravisHirschi -Control Theory: states that social control depends on peoples anticipating the consequences of their behavior.
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| Hirschi links conformity to four different types of social control: |
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1. attachment: strong social attachments encourage conformity. Weak family or peer relationships leave people freer to engage in deviance. 2. opportunity: the greater a person's access to legitimate opportunity, the greater the advantages of conformity 3. involvement: extensive involvement in megitimate activites inhibits deviance 4. Belief: strong beliefs in conventional mortality and respect for authority figures a restrain tendencies toward deviance
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-defined by edwin sutherland as crime commited by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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-the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf |
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-a business supplying illegal goods or services |
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-a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by a racial or other bias
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-violent crimes are crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others
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| property crimes are crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others |
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violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
-also called crimes without complaint |
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the criminal justice system must operate within the bound of law.
-simple but important |
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| a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea |
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| an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
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| the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
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| a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses |
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| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily imprisonment or permanently by execution |
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| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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| community based corrections |
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| correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls |
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| a policy of permitting a convicted offender to remain in the community under conditions imposed by a court, including regular supervision |
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| a policy by which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time and then suspends the remainder of the sentence in favor of probation |
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| a policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under the supervision of a parole officer |
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| a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
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| Four principles of social stratification |
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Definition
1. social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
2. social stratification carries over form generation to generation
3. social stratification is universal but variable
4. social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well |
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social stratification based on ascription or birth
-pure caste system is closed because bitch alone determines a person's entire future, with little or no social mobility based on individual effort. |
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| social stratification based on person merit |
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| the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality |
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| states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society |
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| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
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| working people who sell their labor for wages |
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| the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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| four reasons why industrial workers have not overthrown capitalism. |
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Definition
1. fragmentation of the capitalist class
2. a higher standard of living
3. more worker organizations
4. greater legal protections |
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| socioeconomic status (ses) |
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| a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality |
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| buying and using products with an eye to the "statement" they make about social position |
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| earnings from work or investments |
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| the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts. |
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some times called "blue bloods" or simply "society"
-less than 1% of us population |
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| -most people fall into this class |
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| -income ranges from $100,000-$185,000 |
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| typically work in less prestigious white-collar occupations |
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| intragenerational social mobility |
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| a change in social position occuring during a person's lifetime |
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| four general conclusions abotu social mobility in the US |
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Definition
1. social mobility over the course of the past century has been fairly high
2. the long-term trend in social mobility has been upward
3. within a single generation, social mobility is usually small
4. social mobility since the 1970s has been uneven |
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| the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more |
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| a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening |
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| the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor |
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blame the poor: the poor are primarily responsible for their own poverty
blame society: society is primarily responsible for poverty |
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