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| the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and recmote historical forces |
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| a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role |
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| how individuals define themselves in relationship to groups with which they affiliate |
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| looks for causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively ear a living |
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| to interpret/understand social world through experience |
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| believes social world can be described/predicted by certain describable relationships |
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| sociology of pure numbers |
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| sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable |
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| carious social institutions and processes in soiety exist to serve some important function to keep society running |
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| conflict between competing interests is the basic animating force of social change and society |
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| micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form basic motivation of ppl's actions |
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| condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history |
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| institutionalized entity or artifact in a social system invented by participants in a culture or society |
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| process of showing how certain social phenomena are arbitrary and devised by social actors |
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| attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function |
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| seeks to understand local interactional contexts |
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| concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis |
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| a change in one factor results in a change in another |
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| approaches social scientists use for investigating answers to questions |
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| methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in (or can converted to) numeric form |
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| methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be converted to numbers |
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| theory-->hypothesis-->empirical observations-->analyze data to confirm or reject theory |
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| empirical observations-->theory |
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| simultaneous variation in 2 variables |
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| even that affects the factor that we believe is causing the outcome, but doe not affect the outcome in any way other than through that factor |
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| plausible stories that could explain our data but do not fit our hypothesis |
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| researcher believes A causes B, but B is causing A |
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| outcome researcher is trying to explain |
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| measured factor that researcher believes has causal impact on dependent variable |
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| a proposed relationship between two variables |
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| process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use |
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| claim that relationship between variable does not exist |
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| opposite relationship between two factors compared to initial one |
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| a factor affecting relationship between two variables |
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| extent to which instrument measures what it intends to |
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| likelihood of obtaining consistent results using same measure |
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| extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one studied |
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| analyzing and critically considering our own role in and affect on our research |
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| set of systems/methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate |
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| observes social actions in practice |
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| repeated cross sectional survey |
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Definition
| survey that samples a new, representative group each survey wave |
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| tracks same correspondents over time |
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| collects data from written reports, articles, journals, diaries, artwork and artifacts that date from that period |
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Definition
| two or more entities which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them |
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Definition
| seek to alter social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and track what results that change yields |
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Definition
| pair of comparable ppl are observed in a specific situation to see if they fare differently |
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| systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication |
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| process by which individuals internalize values, beliefs, and norms of a given society |
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| individual identity of person as perceived by that same person |
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| internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings |
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Definition
| process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process |
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| one is totally immersed and controls all basics of day to day life |
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| recognizable social position an individual occupies |
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| duties/behaviors expected of someone |
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| incompatibility of roles corresponding to a single status |
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| tension caused by competing demands btwn 2 or more roles |
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| all statuses one holds simultaneously |
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| a status into which one is born |
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| a status into which one enters |
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| one status within a set that stands out or overrides the others |
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| sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female |
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Definition
| microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions from the basic motivations behind ppls actions |
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Definition
| view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance |
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| esteem in which an individual is held by others |
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| 'methods of the ppl' focuses on ways in which we make sense of our world |
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| member of a triad who attempts to solve conflict |
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| new third member who benefits from conflict between the other two members |
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| member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge |
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| group characterized by face to face interaction, unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, level of equality |
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Definition
| similar to small group, multi-focal |
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Definition
| group characterized by presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and status differentiation |
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| social, such as family and friends composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence attitudes/ideals of those involved |
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| marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships |
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| helps us understand or make sense |
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| set of relations, held together by ties between individuals |
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Definition
| set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network |
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Definition
| sum of stories contained in a set of ties |
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Definition
| degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network |
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Definition
| often weak ties turn out to be valuable because they yield new information |
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Definition
| gap between network clusters, or even two individuals |
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Definition
| any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others |
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Definition
| any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary btwn its membership and the rest of the social world |
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Definition
| shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group (corporate culture) |
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Definition
| ways in which power and authority are distributed within in an organization |
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Definition
| constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions |
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Definition
| any transgression of socially established norms |
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| informal violations of social norms |
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Definition
| violation of laws enacted by society |
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Definition
| social bonds, how well people relate to each other and get along |
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| mechanical/segmental solidarity |
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Definition
| social cohesion based on sameness |
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Definition
| social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts |
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Definition
| common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide |
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Definition
| a form of punishment designed to transform the offender into a productive member of society |
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Definition
| form of punishment that attempts to restore the status quo which existed prior to an offense |
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Definition
| those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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Definition
| abiding by society's norms or simply following the rules of group life |
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Definition
| mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior |
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| informal social sanctions |
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Definition
| usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership, unspoken rules of social life |
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Term
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Definition
| how well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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Term
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Definition
| number of rules guiding your daily life an, more specifically, what you can expect from the world |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
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Definition
| suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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Definition
| occurs as a result of too much social regulation |
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Definition
| merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable |
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially defined goals in order to live within his or her own means |
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Term
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Definition
| social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means of attaining them |
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Definition
| one who rejects both socially acceptable means/goals by completely retreating from society |
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially acceptable goals and means but wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he/she is alienated |
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Definition
| microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form basic motivations behind ppl's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that individuals unconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their rxns to those labels, over time, come to form the basis of their self identity |
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Term
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Definition
| first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of 'deviant' and influence how ppl think about and act toward you |
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Term
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Definition
| subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance |
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Definition
| negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person and alters that person's self-concept |
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Term
| broken windows theory of deviance |
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Definition
| explains how social context and social cues of disorder impact whether individuals act deviantly |
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Definition
| crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty |
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Term
| differential opportunity theory |
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Definition
| in addition to legit economic structure, an illegitimate opportunity structure exists which is unequally distributed across classes |
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Definition
| offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business |
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Definition
| particular type of white collar crime committed by CEOs |
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Definition
| crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits |
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Definition
| what criminal justice system attempts when it monitors and tries to prevent known criminals from committing more crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual who has been punished for a previous offense opts not to commit further crimes for fear of going back to jail |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day to day activity |
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Term
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Definition
| modes of monitoring, examining, and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society |
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Term
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Definition
| circular building composed of an inner ring and outer ring (detainees can always be seen) |
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Term
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Definition
| set of beliefs, traditions, and practice, sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs |
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Definition
| values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
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Definition
| everything that is part of our constructed environment, i.e. technology |
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Definition
| system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect |
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Definition
| taking account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value |
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Definition
| modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural |
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Definition
| distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society |
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Definition
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Definition
| how values tell us to act |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society |
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Term
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Definition
| culture is a projection of social structure and relationships into the public sphere |
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Term
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Definition
| any format or vehicles that carry, present or communicate information |
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Term
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Definition
| historical process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures voluntary consent of the masses |
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Definition
| steady acquisition of material possessions, often with belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved |
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Definition
| act of turning media against itself |
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Definition
| marriage from within one's social group |
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Definition
| marriage from outside one's social group |
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Definition
| practive of having only one partner or spouse |
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Definition
| more than one partner or spouse |
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Definition
| multiple husbands simultaneously |
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Definition
| multiple wives simultaneously |
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Definition
| father, mother, and biological children |
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Definition
| living together without formal religious or legal sanctioning |
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Definition
| string of relationships between people related by blood |
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Definition
| notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and childrearing |
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Definition
| women's responsibility for housework and childcare-everything |
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Definition
| money sent by immigrants to their families in their country of origin |
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Definition
| legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage |
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Definition
| legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same sex couples |
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Definition
| technical term for multiracial marriage, means "mixing of kinds." sociologists prefer exogamy or outmarriage |
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Definition
| the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed |
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Definition
| inability to read or writee well enough to be a functioning member of society |
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Definition
| having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society |
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Definition
| knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable |
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Definition
| nonacademic socialization and training the takes place in the schooling system |
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Definition
| any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others |
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Definition
| a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans |
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Term
| pygmalion effect/self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet preexisting expectations |
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Definition
| teaching methods supported by extensive research |
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Definition
| an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job |
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Definition
| a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population-women and minorities |
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Term
| social class/socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| an individual's position in a stratified social order |
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Definition
| cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations |
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Definition
| occurs when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm these stereotypes |
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Definition
| hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them |
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Definition
| coupons administered by the government that may be redeemed at an school, private or public |
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Definition
| a set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most peopl that it becomes part of the national culture |
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Definition
| system of beliefs and practices around sacred things, a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action |
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Definition
| describes holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane. |
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Definition
| things of mundane, everyday life |
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Definition
| worship of a god or gods, ie Christianity, Islam, Hinduism |
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Definition
| adherence to certain principles to lead a normal life, as in Buddhism and Taoism |
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Definition
| belief that spirits roam the natural world, as in totemism |
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Definition
| big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella |
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Definition
| groups of ppl that gather together, esp for worship |
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Definition
| a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state |
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Definition
| presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society |
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Definition
| Peter Berger'st erm to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life-namely, the feeling that life is worth living |
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Term
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Definition
members of any Protestant denomination distinguished by 4 main beliefs:
-bible is w/o error
-salvation is through jesus christ
-personal conversion only path to salvation
-others must also be converted |
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Definition
| religious adherents who follow a scripture using a literal interpretation of its meaning |
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Definition
| an individual's experience of spiritual feelings and acts |
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Definition
| contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than absolute truths |
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Term
| supernatural compensators |
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Definition
| rewards that come in the form of promises of future rewards, such as salvations/eternity in heaven |
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Definition
| typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshippers |
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Definition
| religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings |
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Definition
| high tension organizations that don't fit in so well within existing social surroundings |
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Definition
| religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural |
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Definition
| gorup of workers in multiple industries united by the fact that creativity is central to their productive work |
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Definition
| economic system in which property and goods are owned privately, investments are determined by private decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| economic system characterized by presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs |
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Definition
| introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production |
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Definition
| establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange |
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Definition
| legal entity unto itself, one wihch has a legal personhood distinct from that of all its members |
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Definition
| practice of limiting individual financial liability to the holdings of a company |
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Definition
| system of payment based on products produced, not hours worked |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to quality of raw materials |
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Definition
| system of payment whereby workers are compensated for sum total of their services |
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Definition
| system of payment under which compensation is not tied to productive value of the worker; but rather what is deemed to be an appropriate standard of living |
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Definition
| form of payment that is completely separate from the product or service itself |
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Definition
| condition in which ppl are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers |
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Definition
| economic activity that involves providing an intangible service |
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Term
| champagne-glass distribution |
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Definition
| shape of the unequal, global distribution of the income |
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Term
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Definition
| an entity that has all the legal rights, duties, and responsibilities of natural persons |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when there is only one seller of a good or service in the market |
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Definition
| only a handful of firms exist in a particular market |
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Definition
| use of insider political knowledge to gain profits |
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Definition
| a business decision to move all or part of company's operations overseas to minimize costs |
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Definition
| organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining |
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Definition
| what happens when a company launches an assault on its workers union, such as refusing to negotiate or renew a union contract |
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Definition
| removal of a woman's sexually sensitive clitoris |
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Definition
| intellectual consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
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Term
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Definition
| natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females |
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Definition
| refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior |
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Definition
| denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements that are built around sex |
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Definition
| line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones |
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Definition
| a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biological givens |
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Definition
| an either/or category, no shades of grey between two mutually exclusive categories |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant and privileged, if invisible, category of men |
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Term
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Definition
| a historical process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures voluntary 'consent' of the masses |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangment |
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Term
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Definition
| social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and relations with other persons of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a person's sex is the basis for judgment, discrimination, and hatred against him or her |
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Term
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Definition
| an illegal form of discrimination involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault, intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome |
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Term
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Definition
| an invisible lid on women's climb up the employment ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, esp. in feminized jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones-are said to share a common bloodline |
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Definition
| belief that members of separate races possess different and unqual human traits |
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Definition
| 19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into origins, explanations, and classifications of race |
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| judgment of other groups by one's own standards and values |
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| notion that all ppl are created equally under the eyes of God |
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| application of Darwinean ideas to society, namely the evolutionary 'survival of the fittest' |
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| 'well born' science of genetic lines and all the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation |
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| movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants |
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| one drop of black blood makes a person black |
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| formation of a new social identity |
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| one's ethnic quality or affiliation-voluntary, self-defined, fluid, multiple |
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| nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship |
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| straight-line assimilation |
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Definition
| Robert Park-1920: universal/linear model for how immigrants assimilate: arrive, settle in, acheive full assimilation |
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| Clifford Geertz-explains persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture |
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| presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society |
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| legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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| mass killing of a group of people |
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| subordinate, oppressed group of people |
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| orgainzed effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less powerful group in a society |
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| negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group |
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| harmful or negative acts against ppl deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category |
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| structured social inequality (systematic inequalities between groups of ppl that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes or relationships |
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| a condtion whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist |
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| a form of wealth that can be stored for the future |
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| a two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways |
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| idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair |
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| a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive |
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| idea that everyone should have an equal starting point |
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| each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the game |
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| notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, incentive for each person to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight |
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| politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
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| religion based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility |
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| economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility |
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| contradictory class locations |
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| idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two "pure" classes |
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| system of stratification based on social prestige |
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| system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society |
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| a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
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Definition
| an individual's position in a stratified social order |
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| a term for the economic elite |
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| a term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line |
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Definition
| movement between different postitions within a system of social stratification in any given society |
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Term
| horizontal social mobility |
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Definition
| transitioning from one social group to another situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder |
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Definition
| the rise or fall of an individual from one social stratum to another |
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| mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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| approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more describable occupations |
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| reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior ex: welfare |
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Definition
| results of a policy that were not anticipated fully at the time of implementation |
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Definition
| a period of economic contraction lasting 2 or more quarters (half a year or more) |
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Definition
| argument that poor people adopt certain practices which differ from those of middle class mainstream society in order to adapt to survive in difficult economic circumstances |
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Definition
| notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor are not only different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us |
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Definition
| point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members |
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Definition
| measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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Term
| parenting stress hypothesis |
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Definition
| psychological aspects of poverty exacerbate household stress levels-leads to detrimental parenting practices |
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| process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such |
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| concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual |
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Definition
| an insurance scheme in which medical providers are reimbursed per office visit or procedure performed, often blamed for rising medical costs |
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Term
| Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) |
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Definition
| companies developed as an alternative to hold down costs by paying doctors a salary based on the number of patients they take on |
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Definition
| government program that covers most ppl aged 65 or older and some younger ppl with disabilities |
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| joint federal and state program that helps to cover medical costs for poor ppl with limited resources |
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| illness in a general sense |
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| live birth of a baby prior to 37 weeks gestation-risk factor for infant mortality and developmental issues |
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| weight under 5 lbs, 8 oz at birth |
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| framework from which scientists operate |
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Definition
| science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn |
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Term
| paradigm shift/scientific revolution |
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Definition
| when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm |
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Definition
| notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follows objective rules of evidence |
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| work done on the border between legitimate and non-legitimate science within a specific scientific discipline |
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| term used by sociologists to describe the notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on the existing prestige of researchers involved |
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Definition
| rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures |
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Definition
| a society concerned with mitigating risks, esp manufactured risks that are unequally distributed by socioeconomic status and other dimensions of power |
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Definition
| differential access to technological advances based on socioeconomic status |
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Definition
| stratification in information technology within countries |
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| stratification in information technology between countries |
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Definition
| action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation |
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Definition
| collective action in which you must be face to face with the other members of your group |
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Definition
| collective action in which close physical proximity is not necessary |
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Definition
| theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place |
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Definition
| theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of the tendency of people to conform to the behavior of others |
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Definition
| theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms |
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Definition
| collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized |
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Term
| alterative social movement |
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Definition
| social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of ppl |
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Term
| redemptive social movements |
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Definition
| social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change |
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Term
| reformative social movements |
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Definition
| social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society |
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Term
| revolutionary social movements |
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Definition
| social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society |
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Term
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Definition
| model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals |
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Term
| resource mobilization theory |
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Definition
| model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities when these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage of social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified |
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Definition
| the second stage of social movement, in which resources are mobilized around the problems outlined in the first stage |
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Term
| routinization/institutionalization |
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Definition
| final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause |
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Term
| social movement organization |
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Definition
| a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; SMOs also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement |
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Term
| professional movement organization |
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Definition
| a type of social movement organization that enjoys full time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization |
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Term
| participatory movement organization |
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Definition
| a type of social movement organization that directly involves its rank and file membership as compared to a professional movement organization |
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Term
| mass protest organization |
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Definition
| a type of social movement organization that advocates for social change through protest and demonstration |
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Definition
| a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of membership participation to promote social change. it lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures to promote social change |
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Definition
| social organization characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms |
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Definition
| social organization characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity |
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Definition
| a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting identitities resulting from disjointed affiliations |
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