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| the process of assigning importance to one's statuses |
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when an individual occupies one status that has conflicting demands with that status
example: a doctor who has two patients in the same need for urgent care |
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when an individual has 2 or more statuses that make it impossible to fulfill all statuses at one time (conflicting demands)
example: a mother who works--has to work and take care of children simultaneously |
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| refers to all roles that are attached to a particular status |
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helping people feel better in a group situation, reducing tension, nurturing, helping people feel better
example: a mother in a traditional marriage whose role is to care for family/family enviornment |
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behaviors that are goal-oriented
example: taking out trash, basketball, the father role in a traditional relationship |
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non-group: people randomly in the same place at the same time
example: shoppers on church street |
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non-group: people randomly in the same place at the same time responding to a common stimulus
example: fight on church street |
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non-group: a large number of people who share a characteristic
example: redheads, college graduates |
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| a small social group in which relationships are personal (informal) |
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| characteristics of small groups |
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1. recurrent interaction
2. consciousness of kin
3. proximity
4.functions
5.leadership: someone who has potential ability, power to influence how others behave
6. instrumental
7. cohesion: affected by size, stability and commitment
8. conformity: the more cohesive the group, the more likely to require conformity from members |
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| large and impersonal social group based on the same special interest or activity |
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| ingroup/outgroup dynamics |
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| an ingroup is an esteemed social group or category of people commanding a member's loyalty as opposed to an outgroup where a scorned social group toward which one feels competition or opposition |
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| a group of two people. most unstable group because if one leaves/dies the group ceases to exist |
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| a group of three people. the most complicated of groups because it creates a coalition between two people, leaving an odd man out |
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| an alliance between two people leaving an odd person out |
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| mental sense of self conflict with biological physical traits, a boy mentally feels they are a girl, visa versa |
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a theory that always focuses on the power of language as a vehicle for social change
- the more important a feature of society is--> society will create a larger group of names to describe that feature
- If you want to change something in society, change how you talk about it
- example: change from mankind to humankind
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| argues that anybody in same status would behave in the same way as the others in their same status structures. Behavior solely depends on status |
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explains the variation in terms of behavior of people who occupy the same social status
status+definition of the situation=behavior |
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| how it is a person can behave so differently as others in some social status in certain situations and in certain social contexts |
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something which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate with one another
example: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways and mores |
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| nonmaterial culture--central component is the symbols that people use |
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| movements of the body to communicate with others, shorthand ways to convey messages without using words |
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allows culture to develop
-frees us from present giving us social past and future
-gives us capacity to share understandings about past and to develop shared perceptions of the future
-Language is the basis of culture
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| expresses approval for following norm |
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| reflects disapproval for breaking a norm |
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| values within a culture that contradict each other: In the US the value of group superiority contradicts freedom, democracy, and equality |
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| a clash in values--a core value that is met with strong resistance by the people that hold them dear, seeing these challenges as a threat to their way of life and undermining their present and their future |
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a process in which cultures become similar to one another.
example: globalization of capitalism |
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| focuses on broad features of society |
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| focus is on social interaction and what people do when they come together |
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| refers to the typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers (social structure guides our behavior) |
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| when people have a contradiction or mismatch between their statuses |
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| the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status |
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| consists of people who regularly interact with one another |
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| the social transformations of society |
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| domestication-->agricultural-->Industrial-->Information-->biotech |
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| economy centers on applying and altering genetic structures--both plant and animal to produce food, medicine, and materials |
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| the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds |
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"personal bubble"
1. Intimate Distance: 18 inches from our bodies, only let intimate friends in this space
2. Personal Distance:zone is between 18 inches to 4 feet, let in friends and acquantices
3. Social Distance: 4 to 12 feet impersonal and formal relationships
4. Public Distance: extending beyond 12 feet for formal relationships |
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| The nature of community among the Amish |
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-gemeinschaft community
-religion and discipline glues them together
-are not apart of modern industry (use horses, etc.) |
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| the "personal bubble" we surround ourselves with in order to protect ourselves |
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| The 4 Distance Zones (North American) |
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1. Intimate Distance: 18 inches from bodies
2. Personal Distance: 18 inches to 4 feet
3. Social Distance: 4 to 12 feet
4. Public Distance: extends beyond 12 feet |
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| our assumptions of what people are like and how we change/modify our interactions with that person based on stereotypes |
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when a performance doesn't come out right, we may ignore flaws in someone's performance |
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the definition of a situation
"if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
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| Social Construction of Reality |
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symbolic interactionists stress how our ideas help determine our reality
our society or the social groups to which we belong, holds particular views of life
through our interaction with others, we construct reality and learns ways of interpreting our experiences in life |
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| Sociological relevance of gynecological examinations |
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| The process for which they perform the examination, the doctor removes the suggestion of sexuality before proceeding, disassociates the pelvic region with the person. Depersonalizes it. |
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| a group of people who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together (waiting in line at the grocery store) |
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| a group of people who share similar characteristics, such as (all college women who wear glasses) |
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| people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another |
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| tries to keep the moving towards its goals. try to keep group members from getting sidetracked, reminding them of what they are trying to accomplish |
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| usually not recognized as leader, but he or she certainly is one. Likely to keep up the morale of the group, increases harmony and minimizes conflicts |
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ways of expressing yourself as a leader
1. authoritarian leader: one who gives orders
2. democratic leader: one who tries to gain a consensus
3. laissez-faire leader: one who is highly permissive |
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| gemeinschaft communities. refers to the fact that individuals are generalists |
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| gessellschaft community. specialization of function more interdependent on society |
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| when the group makes a decision which individually they would not make, group dynamic changes the way they tink |
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| rules and regulations get in way of function of the institution |
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| institutional review board. reviews all proposals to all social experiments and the potential to harm human subjects |
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| a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and records |
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| a tongue in cheek observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence there they cease to be promote remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work |
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