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| focuses on the nature of society as a whole; on particular institutions; or the relationship between two or more gruops in society |
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| focuses on individuals; relationships between individuals; a group |
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| an agreement among individuals living in a community to give up certain rights and freedoms in order to receieve the benefits associated with living in a community of others |
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| unexpected, unanticipated outcomes associated with a manifest function |
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| a "fact" or "truth" accepted uncritically, without proof, because it supports or reinforces what one already believes to be true |
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| the process of understanding the "fact" or "truth" varies from place to place (culture) and through time |
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| ability to understand that one's own experiences as a member of society may be similar or different from the general patterns which sociologists describe |
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| when member of community is in stress and no one helps (weak social contract) |
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| alleviate person of liability when saving someone/doing something helpful for others |
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| behavior or patterns that go outside of waht society considers appropriate or expected. Not necessarily a negative feature of society; may be a source of positive social change |
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| rampant individualism that weakens the social contract |
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a philosophy or oreintation that views individual rights and freedoms as the most important element of a democratic society
ex: civil rights movement |
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| a philosophy or orientation that views the welfare of the community or society as more important than certain individual rights or freedoms |
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| internal and external mechanisms which society creates in order to promote the social order (by ensure that individuals will conform to societal expectations) |
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| type of social control; most powerful and exist in the form of a conscience |
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| type of social control; include the sphere of the intimate (those individuals whose opinion matters most); religion, laws, govt |
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| focus on characteristics of the individual as the cause of the social problem |
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| residual solution to a social problem |
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| if the characteristics of the individual are changed, the problem will be eliminated |
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| structural explanations of a social problem |
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| focus on aspects of society that create or support a social problem (tobacco industry targeting teens) |
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| institutional solutions to a social problem |
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| to eliminate the social problem, the features of society that caused the problem must be changed (regulate the tobacco industry; redefine the positive image of smoking) |
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| view that one's own culture's values and practices are superior to those of a different culture |
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| the ability to understand without judgment the different values and practices of another culture |
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| an approach to cultural diversity that recognizes and validates the strengths and resources which all cultures exhibit; it defines social inequality as a problem for all members of a society, not just those groups which are directly oppressed; solutions to problems are defined at the grass roots level, not by those in power |
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| a micro level crisis event that has macro level implications, leaving large numbers of people feeling unsafe, disturbed, vulnerable |
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| a process in which an official policy or program is challenged and exposed as beneftitting one group at the expense of another. EXPOSING |
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| type of community characterized by homogeneity of members in terms of characteristics and values. individuals know one another as whole people, highly integrated and slowly changing ex; small town |
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| type of community characterized by diversity and heterogeneity among the members, who interact with each other in terms of specific roles, rather than as whole people; gesellschafts are loosely integrated and social changes occur frequently |
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| become increasingly detached from community; no social aspect |
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| individual's needs seem less important to those of the society; sacrific life for others |
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| product of moral deregulation and lack of aspirations; do not know where they fit in in their society |
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| overly oppresive society; people prefer to die than live |
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| addresses the issue of whether the data gathered actually measures what the reseracher intended to measure |
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| assesses how consistent the data are across samples or over time with teh same sample |
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| the researcher's goal is to generalize the findings from the samples to the research population (depends on how representative the samples are compared to the population) |
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| the process wherein the researcher chooses specific, concrete indicators to measure the independent and dependent variables |
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| selection of non-representative people to study in terms of the research population (ex: studying retirement communitites about birth control) |
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| tendency of subjects to tell researcher what they believe is culturally appropriate, rather than what may be true |
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| tendency to remember the past in terms of present time circumstances |
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| states relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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| there is no relationship among variables |
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| the factor that influences the dependent variable |
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| that which depends on the action of the independent variable |
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| unintended impact that research process has on subjects who changed simply by being studied |
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| reinforce script society sees fit ex: peer group, school, media |
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| 1st 5 years of life person's core sense of self is created |
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| eating members of one's society |
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| effects of separating a child from its mother |
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| communicative work directed towards transforming an individual's total identity into an identity lower in the relevant group's scheme of social types |
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| all parts of life dependent upon authorities of organization |
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