1. Geographic: Neighborhoods, cities, towns
2. Functional: Shared concerns and causes/beliefs
3. Traditional: Separate and historical identities
4. Diversity: Oppressed regions, areas

Disciplinary Research

1. Cognitive abilities and skills
2. Loving, married parents
3. At least one parent has marketable skill
4. Health, education, environmental sustainability

1. Macro economics
2. Household composition and economic access (single parent)
3. Social program access impact
4. Social program funding and effectiveness

1. State block grant program (based on census)
2. Support and income work program
3. Allows states to deny aid to any poor family category
4. After five years of assistance block grant assistance ceases
5. Those off welfare rolls can only obtain 10K-14K annum jobs with little opportunity for advancement. 

1. Strong market and family system with a living wage.
2. Social Insurance System (social security)
3. Public Assistance programs (food stamps)
4. Supplemental Security Income (for needy or disabled)
5. In-Kind benefits (earned income tax credit)
6. Medicaid/SCHIP (Health insurance benefit for poverty)

1. Welfare reform has substantially reduced welfare caseloads.
2. Most off welfare rolls found jobs, but were lower paying.
3. Food stamps have decreased in overall after TANF
4. Not enough evidence of impact of TANF on marriage/fertility. 

1. Direct services
2. Public assistance workers
3. Case management services
4. Employed at charitable organizations, housing programs, urban housing authorities, outreach workers. 
5. Domestic violence shelter workers. 

1. Major Depressive disorders
2. Alcohol and/or substance abuse
3. Roadway traffic accidents
4. Schizophrenia

1. Emotional/physical abuse
2. Lost work productivity
3. Accidents
4. Violent crime

1. Includes cognitive impaired, cerbral palsey, autism, epilepsy, and developmental delay.
2. Factors include heredity, prenatal, acute perinatel, postnatal, and environmental. 

1. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
2. Substance abuse programs
3. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) bans discrimination in employment, mandates access and accommodations. 

1. Clinical Social Workers (MSW)
2. Crises intervention (BSW)
3. School based and substance abuse programs
4. Public mental health services
5. Case management

1. One third of small businesses (<25 EE) offer benefits
2. Premiums more than twice inflation
3. Employees cannot afford their portion of premiums
4. No portability

1. UI get less preventative care
2. UI unable to get prescription filled
3. May be denied at point of service
4. Emergency room becomes point of service
5. Medical bill debt affects life
6. Hospitalizations more frequent

-Efficient proportion of GDP allocated to healthcare

-How those healthcare services are allocated

1. Increasing elderly population
2. Increased knowledge and technological advances
3. Emphasis on third party payments where upon maximum fee for services allowed is charged
4. Medicaid and Medicare set charges for service fees and is price-ceiling
5. INcrease of malpractice suits. 

1. AIDS (box 9.1)
2. Catastrophic illness
3. Teen Pregnancy
4. Environmental Factors

-Removing pre-existing conditions from insurance company policy

-Providing affordable portability

-Lowering ranks of uninsured

-Long term care and home health care social workers: Adjustment of client, helping families cope, placement issues

-Community based program social workers: health clinics, family planning, AIDS outreach, mental health. 

1. Positive, nurturing relationship with at least one caregiver
2. Consistent parenting first years of lie
3. Well-balanced discipline
4. At least 2 years separation between siblings
5. Access to others for emotional Support

Legal Definition of child abuse/neglect

(on test)

1. Physical, mental, sexual abuse, exploitation, maltreatment
2. Perpetrator is caregiver
3. Circumstances indicate health/welfare harm

1. Ethnicity: people of color have higher poverty rates
2. Single female households
3. Lack of appropriate role models
4. Lack of access to services for problems

1. Crises for family
2. Guilt in the children
3. Children symptoms: bed wetting, behavioral probs or changes, withdraw
4. Custody: Visitation issues, court decisions, joint custody, fragments lives. Needs social worker mediation. 

1. Income disparity: (median) $62,000/27,000 married/single female
2. Latch-Key children
3. CHore role/responsibility changes
4. Offer less future educational opportunities
5. More anxiety in children

1. Difficulties gaining custody
2. No sexual orientation differences in children
3. Secrecy issues
4. Peer ridicule

1. Loss of relationship of parent
2. Anxiety over stepfamily relationships
3. Fantasies over reuniting family
4. Changing roles/relationships

1. Enablers/codependent: Spouse minimizes, makes excuses, relies on others for self worth.
2. "Perfect Child Syndrome"
3. "Scapegoated child syndrome"

1. "Learned Helplessness" Syndrome: PTSD symptoms
2. Abused lack employment skills
3. Abuser "honeymoon" syndrome
4. Re-occurrence generational syndrome

1. Four categories: Physical, sexual, child neglect, psychological
2. Age differences: younger children are most at risk 
3. Linked to unemployment and substance abuse

1. Victims receive broken bones, welts, abrasions
2. "Battered Child" syndrome: neurological/developmental damage
3. Linked to unemployment and substance abuse

1. INcest: Most serious personal/social consequences
2. Other family members: siblings and others
3. Trusted adults: teachers babysitters, neighbors, coaches, clergy
4. Strangers: Most prevalent
5. Relavent factors include age, relationship, length of time, and available reporters (most important), discovery of interventions. 

1. Failure to provide food, clothing, and shelter
2. Lack of supervision
3. Abandonment
4. Medical
5. Failure to provide adequate education
6. Emotional neglect

1. Rejecting
2. Isolating
3. Terrorizing
4. Ignoring
5. Corrupting

1. Delinquency: gangs, crime
2. Runaways
3. Academic/social/mental health problems
4. Substance abuse
5. Teen pregnancy

Group of services promotes well being of children in following areas:

1. Safety
2. Permanency achievement (right of child)
3. Strengthening families for successful care goals

1. To ensure this a guardian ad litem or court appointed attorney must represent this in all legal proceedings.
2. May not always lead to reunification with biological parent, rather may be placed with other guardian. 
3. Parens patriae: state is a parent to all children

A. No maltreatment evidenced and withdraw.

B. Offer help to family

C. Child at serious risk and/or family is uncooperative

D. With court permission, immediately remove child (S) and place in emergency care. 

1. Group homes and residential treatment centers
2. Domestic violence shelters
3. Counselors in youth centers
4. Crises counselors in law enforcement centers
5. Child protective services