Term
| What are scientific theories? (2) |
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Definition
-they explain and predict phenomon
-produce testable and thus falsifiable hypotheses |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory is a system of genralized statements or propositions about phenomena |
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Term
| What are sociological theories? |
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Definition
| -generalized statements about same aspect of social life |
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Term
| Is theory necessarily abstract? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What do sociological theories hold together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do sociological theories help us make sense of? |
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Definition
| Social life by providing prexisting categories and assumptions |
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Term
| What is sociological theory often rooted in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do sociological theories tend to be more evaluative and critical than scientific theories? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the subject matter of sociologists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are social theories? |
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Definition
| STORIES about how humans behave interact and organize themselves |
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Term
| What do social theories seek to explain? |
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Definition
| How and why social processes operate and change over time |
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Term
| What do social theories help us with? |
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Definition
| Predicting things about people over time |
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Term
| What does social theory offer in terms of understanding contemporary social life? |
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Definition
| Theories are explanations and sometimes models for understanding reality |
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Term
| Examples of theories as models? |
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Definition
Society works like a human body
Society is a contest with winners and losers
Society is like an information grid
Society is a result of patterned human interaction |
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Term
| Emile Durkheim is founder of Sociology? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Marx view has the two main classes? |
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Definition
Workers (Proletariat)
Owners of means of production (Bourgeoisie) |
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Term
| What do "social relations of production" comprise? |
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Definition
| Relations among individuals and/or groups of people (classes) |
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Term
| Why is their social disruption and conflict between classes? |
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Definition
| Different classes have different interests |
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Term
| What determines the economic structure? |
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Definition
| The relations of production |
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Term
| What is the real foundation of society according to Marx? |
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Definition
| The relations of production which determine the economic structure |
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Term
| Marx believes that mens social existence determines their consciousness? T/F |
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Definition
T -It is not the consciousness of men that
determines their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness. |
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Term
| How can we understand the history of a society? |
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Definition
| By means of production and social relations that develop to support it |
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Term
| Marx believes what makes us human is? |
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Definition
| our productive capacity, not ideas and concepts |
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Term
| What contradiction according to Marx leads to social change? |
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Definition
| Contradiction between the relations of production |
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Term
| According to Marx, Conflict is the engine of social change? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the material dialectic centered around? |
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Definition
| The contradictions in economic relations |
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Term
| What is the engine of progress? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are any given time periods social and politcal relations most clearly revealed? |
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Definition
| by uncovering the material conditions of production |
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Term
| What must the history of humanity be studied in relation to? |
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Definition
| The history of industry and exchange |
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Term
| Materialistic connection of men with one another is determined by? |
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Definition
| Their needs and mode of production rather then political or religious nonsense |
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Term
| According to Marx, the first from of division of labor and private property lies? |
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Definition
| Within the family where the wife and children are the slaves of the husband. This is the first property. |
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Term
| The division of labor is? |
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Definition
| Power of disposing of the labor power of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Categories of people who represent shared interests based on relations of production, |
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Term
| What does creaton of classes create? |
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Definition
| It creates competition and contradictory class interests |
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Term
| What is the class Bourgeoisie? |
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Definition
| Owners of the means of production |
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Term
| What is the class Proletariat? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does "The State" arise? |
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Definition
| Out of contradictions between the mode of production |
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Term
| What is the need of The State? |
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Definition
| It is needed to keep class antagonisms in check |
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Term
| What is class consciousness? |
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Definition
| Awareness of common relationship to the means of production "class for itself" |
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Term
| What is false consciousness? |
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Definition
| Misrecognition of dominant ideas |
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Term
| What is Revolutionary consciousness? |
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Definition
| The result of the playing out of the existing relations of production to the point they become dysfunctional and destructive |
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Term
| Is Proletariat the Revolutionary class? |
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Definition
T - Only recourse is to take
control of the mode of production- universally, through revolution |
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Term
| How can the Proletariat class become a Revolutionary class? |
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Definition
when proletariat
becomes a class for itself and realizes “real” interests and develops revolutionary consciousness |
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Term
| According to Marx what does Communism accomplish |
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Definition
| The end of history, The end of private property, End of antagonistic class relations |
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Term
| False consiouscness is based on? |
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Definition
| Anything other than free and creative productivity |
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Term
| Ideologies and false consciousness blind individuals to? |
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Definition
| The true nature of inequality in class structure |
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Term
| According to Marx, the worker becomes more poorer? |
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Definition
| The more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and range |
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Term
| According to Marx, the worker becomes a even cheaper commodity when? |
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Definition
| The more commodities he creates |
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Term
| According to Marx, to be fully human is to? |
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Definition
| engage the material world and nature |
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Term
| When humans lose control of their labor they become? |
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Definition
| Alienated from their nature or species being |
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Term
| The division of labor increases? |
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Definition
| Mans Alienation from his true nature |
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Term
| According to Marx, Captilism creates what in our social relations and our nature? |
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Definition
| Alienation and Exploitation |
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Term
| Our creative labor process becomes commodified and? |
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Definition
| Is an object to be bought and sold on the market |
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Term
| What is Alienation, according to Marx? |
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Definition
| Work does not provide idendity and meaning but is only engaged out of necessity to supply basic human needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| From being cut off from the process of labor, from the products created, and from other people |
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Term
| Four Aspects of Alienation? |
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Definition
Workers are alienated from
-products of their labor
-process of work
-creative activity that forms human consciousness
-Alienated labor separates workers from others in society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Monetary exchange objectifies? |
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Definition
| the creative processes of production and alienates man from his true nature |
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Term
| Marx believes Money transforms? |
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Definition
| human desires, abilities, into things to be bought and sold. It masks and transforms real human relations into something false |
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Term
| What is histrorical Materialism? |
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Definition
| studying history through the means of production |
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Term
| Nature of individuals depends on |
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Definition
| The Material conditions determing their production |
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Term
| According to Marx, division of labor leads to? |
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Definition
| persons being separated from the community, and man’s labor becomes an alien force rather than an expression of his humanity. |
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Term
| The history of all hitherto existing society is |
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Definition
| The history of class struggles |
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Term
| The Bourgeoisie has simplified class relations by |
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Definition
| New struggles in the place of old ones |
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Term
| According to Marx, the bourgeiousie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and reduced it to? |
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Definition
| The family relation to mere money relation |
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Term
| As capitalism spreads so does the ideology of capitalism, the ideas of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Bourgeiosie has forged the weapons that bring death to itself and has also called into existence the men who are to use those weapons, which are? |
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Definition
| The modern working class, the proletariat |
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Term
| The more the working class sinks deeper into poverty, the bourgeiouse is unfit to? |
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Definition
| Impose the conditions of capitalistic relations on the rest of society. |
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Term
| What creates the conditions that unites the proletariat class as a revolutionary class? |
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Definition
| The bourgeoise and relations of capitalist production |
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Term
| What is a communist interest? |
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Definition
| Abolition of private property |
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Term
| Communism deprives no man of power make products of society but it deprives him the power to? |
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Definition
| To Subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriation |
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Term
| Sociology entails the systematic and methodolgical examination of> |
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Definition
| Social facts and their influence on individuals |
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Term
| Durkheim saw sociology as the science that could? |
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Definition
| Uncover social facts to explain social forces and address social change in society |
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Term
| Social facts must be studied as? |
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Definition
| Things that is as realities external to the invidual |
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Term
| Durkheim argues that society is not a result of individual conduct but? |
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Definition
| rather exists prior to individual conduct and shapes individual action |
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Term
| Durkheims collective conscience is? |
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Definition
| the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens in the same society. It has a determinate system with a life of its own |
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Term
| Social Intergration is rooted in |
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Definition
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Term
| A shared moral code along with feelings of solidarity generates and forms? |
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Definition
| the basis of all societies |
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Term
| Durkheim argues there is two basic types of solidarity |
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Definition
| Mechanical and Organic Solidarity |
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Term
| Mechanical solidarity is? |
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Definition
| Typified feelings of likeness. It is rooted in everyonen doing/feeling the same thing. Typically a characteristic of small traditional societies. Small towns and what not |
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Term
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Definition
| Solidarity in which each person is interdependent with others. Characteristic of Modern Societies |
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Term
| Mechanica solidarity cant operate independently if? |
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Definition
| The harmony and cohesion of the whole are to be maintained |
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Term
| Organic solidaritys harmony and cohesion is produced by |
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Definition
| the interdependent operation of the parts |
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Term
| Aspects of Mechanical solidarity? |
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Definition
| Similarites between each other, live through rules, very little individuality, collective conscience |
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Term
| Aspects of Organic solidarity? |
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Definition
| Differences between each other, live through princples, very much individuality, differintiated system |
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Term
| As society becomes industrialized and differiented what increases? |
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Definition
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Term
| The emergence of the individual is a result of? |
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Definition
| The weakening of the collective conscience |
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Term
| There are two consciences in each of us |
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Definition
1. is common to our group/society which is not ourself, but our society living and acting within us
2. the other which is personal and distinct, that which makes us an individual |
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Term
| According to Durkheim the division of labor and specialization create |
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Definition
| The emergence of individualism personality and creativity |
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Term
| According to Durkheim, the division of labor presents the character by which we have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Defined Morality more and more tends to become |
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Definition
| The essential condition of social solidarity |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal or a natural result from increasing individualism in modern societies |
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Term
| There is a relation between the power of society controlling individuals with unequal force and |
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Definition
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Term
| Typology of suicide - Egoistic |
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Definition
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Term
| Typology of suicide - Altruistic |
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Definition
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Term
| Typology of suicide - Anomic |
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Definition
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Term
| Typology of suicide - Fatalistic |
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Definition
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Term
| Typology of suicide is related to |
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Definition
| social change and the moral health of a society |
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Term
| Whenever the individual disassociates himself from his collective goals in order to seek his own interest |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic crises in industrial society are? |
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Definition
| disturbances of the collective order |
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Term
| Durkheim argues suicide rates are highest at times when? |
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Definition
| inviduals lack social or moral regulation or integration |
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Term
| significant increase in suicide rates in a particular group indicates that? |
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Definition
| social cohesion of a group has weakened |
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Term
| Durkheim explains society as a? |
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Definition
| System - each part working together |
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Term
| A well function social system is |
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Definition
| geared toward maintaing a state of equilibrium |
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Term
| Every disturbance of equilibrium threatens |
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Definition
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Term
| It is not human nature for indivudals to know? |
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Definition
| when they should stop striving for more - either emotional or material |
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Term
| In a well function society indviduals are restrained by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Durkheim argues that total complacency with ones place in life and striving for more are? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only moral power superior to the individual, the authority of which he accepts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Freedom is not sufficient to? |
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Definition
| Maintain a stable society |
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Term
| Regulating force is necessary to maintain? |
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Definition
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Term
| When there is a disruption or crisis in society |
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Definition
| it is temporarily unable to exercise moral regulation |
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Term
| Because industrialization creates conditions of increased individualism suicide is a? |
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Definition
| social fact, characteristic of modern societies |
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Term
| A rise in suicide rates indicates a |
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Definition
| crisis of some sort in society |
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Term
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Definition
1. subject matter of sociology and not reducible to other oscial phenomena like religion and economy
2. facts reside in the society that produces them, not the individuals
3. must be objective and studied from the outside |
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Term
| The determining cause of a social fact should be sought among the? |
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Definition
| social facts preceding it and no among the states of the individal consciousness |
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Term
| how do we reconginze a social fact? |
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Definition
external to individual
objective/measurable
constrains and influences individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Crime is inevitable or normal in all societies because |
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Definition
| crime defines the moral boundaries of a society |
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Term
| Crime is normal because a society exempt from it is |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An act that offends certain strong collective sentiments |
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Term
|
Definition
| because it is apart of the fundamental conditions of social life, and because of that fact it is useful because it is indispensable to the normal evolution of morality and law |
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Term
| Crime is functional for society because? |
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Definition
| Where crime exists collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form and crim sometiems helps to determine the form they will take. |
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Term
| Crime plays what role in social life? |
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Definition
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Term
| Crime is useful for society because? |
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Definition
| it is necessary to reinforce collective sentiments in a public conscience |
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Term
| Repressive law and punishment characterizes traditional society making it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resitutive law is characteristic of increased individalism and speicalization making it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Religion is not only a system of beliefs but |
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Definition
| an ordered practice organized by society |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Religion is a necessary institution to express |
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Definition
| a societies beliefs and ideoligies |
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Term
| Religion is one of the main forces that makes up the |
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Definition
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Term
| Durkheim was interest in what of religion |
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Definition
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Term
| Religions seperate things into |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| something that stands up for something else |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly routinized act such as prayer and songs |
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Term
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Definition
| outward symbol and visible form with sacred attribution |
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Term
| social life in all aspects in every period of history is made possible only by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the idea of society is the soul of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| religion has given birth to all that is |
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Definition
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