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Definition
a chain of islands, such as the islands
that largely comprise Indonesia and the
Philippines. |
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Definition
a geographic depression, often filled with
water. |
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Definition
a body of water partially surrounded by land.
The land surrounding it tends to provide
shelter from both harsh weather and military
invasion, so they were historically considered
excellent places in which to establish ports. |
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Definition
a plain at the mouth of a river, often triangular
in shape. Rivers deposit sediment in these, which may create especially fertile
farmland. |
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Definition
an imaginary line drawn across the middle
of the globe which divides the globe into
northern and southern hemispheres. It is the same distance from the magnetic North Pole and the magnetic South Pole. |
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Definition
a plain on either side of a river. They form out of layers of sediment deposited
over centuries of flooding. Although regular flooding of these areas may be dangerous, communities often settle in them because the sediment deposited by flooding is rich in minerals and is good farming soil |
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Term
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Definition
the climate zones of the Arctic and
Antarctic Circles. Their seasonal cycles lack any warm summers. In these areas, no month has an average temperature over 42°F. |
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Definition
a large, slow-moving mass of snow and ice.
Their movement, which advance and
retreat over time, can carve valleys out of a
stony landscape and deposit mineral resources over an extensive area. They can also push large deposits of debris to form new land
masses. Two of these masses, called moraines, formed the 118-mile-long land mass of Long Island, in New York. |
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Definition
| a raised area of land under 2,000 feet in height |
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Definition
an area of land completely surrounded by
water. |
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Definition
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger
regions. Historically, they have been important
to trade. The fact that they are so narrow
compared to the regions they connect made
them attractive places to build canals. Even
without a canal, overland travel on this type of land mass was sometimes cheaper and easier than using sea routes |
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Term
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Definition
| imaginary horizontal lines that run across the globe that are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Ie the equator, which has a measure of 0°. The north and south poles have measures of 90°N and 90°S, respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| imaginary vertical lines that run across the globe. Lines of longitude are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Ie the prime meridian, which has a measure of 0°. The International Date Line (IDL) has a measure of roughly 180°. |
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Definition
| a raised area of land greater than 2,000 feet in height. The area at the bottom of it is referred to as the base. The top of it is the peak. |
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Definition
| The point where a river enters a sea or lake |
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Definition
| A region mostly surrounded by water, but still connected to land. |
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Definition
| A large, flat area raised above the surrounding area. Normally, at least one side of it terminates in a steep slope. |
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Definition
| a line of longitude that, by international agreement, marks 0° longitude. The line passes through Greenwich, England, and divides the globe into eastern and western hemispheres. |
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Definition
| The origin point of a river. Water flows from the source to the mouth. |
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Definition
| A narrow body of water between two land masses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the climate zones that lie between the tropical latitudes and the polar circles. The northern area of these exists between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. The southern area of these can be found between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. The seasonal cycle in this type of zoneincludes a distinct spring, summer, fall, and winter. |
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Definition
| A river or stream that flows into another river. |
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Definition
| A river or stream made when the flow of water leaves a larger river. |
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Definition
| The climate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The seasonal cycle in this area includes a hot dry season, a cool dry season, and a rainy season. |
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Term
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Definition
The imaginary line of latitude, at approximately 23° south of the Equator marks the point farthest south where the sun
can be seen directly overhead. |
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Term
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Definition
| the imaginary line of latitude, at approximately 23° north of the Equator, that marks the point farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead. |
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Definition
A low stretch of land between raised areas of land. They are formed by the action of rivers
cutting paths out of the surrounding land. Most rainfall in an area will drain out through them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tge annual number of childbirths for every 1000 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| the annual mortality rate, or number of deaths, for every 1000 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinct and drastic change in death and birth rates amongst a population. There are three models. |
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Definition
| The study of how population dynamics and spatial relationships can affect the standard of living for individuals within a population. This approach often combines geographic techniques with economic and sociological theories |
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Definition
| The study how different economic activities form links between different regions and populations. One of the critical issues in this field is the study of how the natural distribution of resources is exploited and transported. |
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Term
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Definition
| This figure measures the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 infants within a year. An infant is defined as any child less than one year old. Traditionally, the figures are used to assess the general state of health care in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the spread of a language. Experts in this study attempt to estimate the number of speakers a language has. They also try to distinguish between regional dialects and identify ways in which population changes may impact a language. |
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Term
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Definition
the average age to which the
members within a community can be expected
to live. For |
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Term
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Definition
| The incidence of people contracting a selected illness within a population. Given the differences between diseases, there is no standard unite for this number, and researchers must decide meaningful measures for the problem they wish to study. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of how many individuals of a population exist in a given unit of space. |
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Definition
the study of the number and distribution of adherents to various religions or belief systems. There are numerous
problems facing this study, notably the sometimes bewildering diversity of belief among religious adherents who identify themselves as members of the same faith. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the efficiency of urban development schemes, the way in which social and ethnic groups are distributed
through an urban area, and how urban space influences human activities, from employment to crime. |
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Term
| Topographic or Topographical Maps |
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Definition
Maps that are concerned with the accurate depiction of the surface conditions of an area. They adhere to the same size scale, will use shading or other graphics to indicate
physical features, and include all features and details relevant to the map’s scale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maps that have been simplified to the point where only a few pieces of key information stand out. Their purpose is to present essential information to a reader as clearly as possble. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maps which have simplified geographical accuracy in favor of communicating specific information to the user. These maps display social, political, or otherwise nongeographical data in conjunction with geographical information. These maps are used in studying cultural geography to see how cultural traits and activities are distributed. |
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Definition
| Julian Steward's model of cultural evolution introduced in the early 20th century, which proposed that a culture is shaped by its immediate environment rather than by a determined path that all cultures experience. Stewart put forward that when tehre are parallels between cultures, the two cultures must share some environmental element. However, these adaptations are local and can only be found in cultures facing the same environmental challenge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Claude Lévi-Strauss' proposal of a non-evolutionary explanation for similarities across societies, whereby humans build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions. Some of these oppositions (i.e. life/death or day/night) are so basic as to be universal. Because humans build tehir culture on top of these oppositions, it is not surprising that some leements show similarities across cultures. |
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Definition
| Auguste Comte's belief that only information gained through the scientific method was worthwile for the study of sociology and other social sciences. |
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Definition
| A complex set of philosophical positions that claimed societies develop through the conflict of opposites (conflict theory), coined by Karl Marx. The largest of these conflicts for him was between the haves and have-nots. He believed the laboring class was destined to rise up and dominate the upper class. |
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Definition
| Sociological concept stemming from Karl Marx that studies the role of power and conflict in social organizations. I.e. focuses on gender, religion, race, SES as sites of conflict |
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Term
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Definition
any group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among the various members. Sociologists identify
five major ones that have been present in civilization: governments, educational institutions, religious institutions, economic systems, and family units. It is common for any individual to have a role in several of these institutions at any given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning 2.5 million years ago, this period is associated with the first use of stone tools. During this period, societies banded together and existed through hunter-gathering. They did not live in permanent constructions. The advance of agricultural systems marked the end of this period at about 10,000 BCE. |
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Term
| Neolithic period/New Stone Age |
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Definition
| Period beginning at around 10,000 BCE that is defined by the use of true farming, which lead to permanent settlements. The period is notable for the first use of pottery and the dependence on domesticated animals. This transition from collecting food to producing food began in the Fertile Crescent, an area of rich farmland that stretched from teh Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. The end of the period is marked by the use of metal tools. |
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