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Social Studies
8th Grade
04/12/2012

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Cards

Term

             

                                   Middle Colonies

Definition
Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created
The NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.
Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer 

Term

                                                                                  




Sam Adams

Definition

American Patriot.

Played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution.
Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre.
Member of the Constitutional Congress(representing Massachusetts).

Cousin to John Adams. 

Term

 

 

Proclamation of 1763

Definition
British Parliament Law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains,
Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonist and the Native Americans, but the colonist wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley.
Term

 

 

American Revolution Era, 1775-1783

Definition
Taxation without Representation.
Boston Massacre.
Boston Tea Party.
Unalienable Rights.
Battle Of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown.
Declaration of Independents.
Article Of Confederation.
Term

 

 

Mercy Otis Warren

Definition
Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot.
Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause.
Term

 

 

James Armistead

Definition
*Slave in Virginia
*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.
*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.
*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette
*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.
Term

 

 

Taxation without Representation

Definition
Since the information of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.
Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).
The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s Lawmaking body(Parliament).
Britain argued that the colonies had "virtual representation.”
Term

 

 

Benjamin Franklin

Definition
*A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence.
*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.
*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.
*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.
*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war.
Term

 

 

Bernardo de’ Galvez

Definition
*Spanish nobleman
*Became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777)
*protected American ships in the port of New Orleans
*helped transport war supplies
*took up arms to fight the British and protect Louisiana
Term

 

 

Thomas Jefferson

Definition
Virginian
Early leader in the American Revolution
Delegate to the Constinental Congress in Philadelphia in 1776
Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence
Chief author of the Declaration of Independence.
Term

 

 

Marquis de Lafayette

Definition
*French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA
*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions
*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government
*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army.
Term

 

 

Thomas Paine

Definition
Propagandist
Journalist
In January, 1776, published a pamphlet, “Common Sense”
Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.
Term

 

 

George Washington

Definition
*Virginian
*surveyor, planter
*a soldier in the French and Indian War
*a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses
*commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
Term

 

 

Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Definition

 

Declaring Independence
 Writing the Articles of Confederation
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown
Enduring the winter at Valley Forge
Signing the Treaty of Paris 
 

 

Term

 

 

Declaration of Independence

Definition
Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation
“…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Listed grievances against the King of England
Written by Thomas Jefferson
July 4, 1776
Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia
Term

 

 

Writing of the Articles of Confederation

Definition
Occurred at the Second Continental Congress
Created a new form of government for the independent colonies
Included one branch – a Congress
Each state had one vote
Created a very weak government with no executive 
Term

 



Major Battles of the American Revolution

 

Definition
Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775
Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favor
Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British.
Term

 

 

Henry Bessemer

Definition

·    Bessemer Steel Process

·       Mass Production of steel

·    1855

·      Transportation

Agriculture

Term





Robert Fulton  

Definition

 The Clermont

 

·       Steamboat

 

·       1807


Transportation 

Term

 

 

Eli Whitney

Definition

·      
                                                           Cotton Gin

·       Machine to separate fibers from seeds

·      1793

       Agriculture

Term

 

 


Cyrus McCormick

Definition

    
Mechanical Reaper

·       Machine to harvest grain

·      
1831

Agriculture

Term

 

 

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

Definition

 This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·   Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Term

 

 

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

Definition

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

·         Bill of Rights

Term

 

 

Significance of 1787

Definition

Writing of the United States Constitution.

           

Term

 

 

Articles of Confederation : Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Definition

*Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Term

 

 

Issues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation

Definition

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states.

Term

 

 

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Definition

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

Term

 

 

Arguments for and Against Ratification of the Constitution

Definition

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added 

Term

 

 

Magna Carta

Definition

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

Term

 

 

English Bill of Rights

Definition

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

·       This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

Term

 

 

Mayflower Compact

Definition

1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

·       The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

Term



Federalist Papers

Definition

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Term

 

 

 The Great Awakening

Definition

·         Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.

·         Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs and teachings.

·         JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

·        
This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

Term

 

 

Benjamin Franklin

Definition

         Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father

·         1706 – 1790

·         Published  Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

·         Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies

·         Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

·         Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

·         Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

·         Considered to be the “first civilized American”

Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

Term

 

 

William Penn

Definition

                               William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.

·         Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

Term

 

 

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America.

Definition




Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

Term

 

 

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America:

Definition

 

·      Exploration and Colonization

 

·      Establishment of the 13 colonies

 

·      Representative Democracy

 

·      Mercantilism

Religious Freedom.

 

Term

 

 

What are some reasons for

European Exploration:

Definition

 

Reasons for Exploration:

·      Religion

·      Wealth

·      Fame

·      National pride

·      Curiosity

Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

 

Term

 

 

What are some reasons for European colonization of North America:

Definition

Reasons for Colonization:

·       Religious freedom

·       Political freedom

·       Economic opportunity (mercantilism)

·       Social mobility

A better way of life

Term



Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

 

Definition

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·        Political

·       Competition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North America

·       Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)

Source of raw materials

Term

 

 

Religious reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies:

Definition

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

 

·       Seeking religious freedom

 

Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs.

Term

 

 

Social reasons for establishing

the 13 English Colonies:

Definition


Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

·       Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Term

 

 

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial Period:

Definition

·        Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

·        Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws.

Term

 

 

How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies:

Definition

·       Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

·       Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

Term

 

 

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period

Definition

Slaves During the Colonial Period:

·       Political – no political voice; no rights

·      
Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Term

 

 

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period

Definition




Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:

·      
Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights

·       Economic – low wage earners

Social – lowest social class; limited access to education; socially isolated

Term

 

 

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:

Definition

 

   

·   Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

·       
Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida 

Term



Federalists

Definition

Supporters of the United States Constitution.

Argued for a stronger national government.

Under the Articles of Confederation the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

Term



Alexander Hamilton

Definition

Wanted to go beyond the stated powers of the Constitution.

Used the “necessary and proper” clause to justify forming a National Bank that was necessary and proper for the United States economy to develop.

Served as a delegate from New York at the Constitutional Convention.

Leading member of the Federalists.

Term

 

 

 

Definition
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