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| country once connected to the Americas by a land bridge |
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| ocean water frozen into massive ice sheets |
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| land bridge that once joined Siberia to present-day Alaska |
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| ancient stones, tools, weapons, baskets, and carvings |
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| people who moved from place to place, mainly in search of food |
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| huge animal with shaggy fur and long tusks, hunted by early Americans |
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| long pole with a sharp point used to hunt bison and other animals |
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| mass movement of people into a new homeland |
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| early form of corn, first raised in Mexico about 9,000 years ago |
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| scientific method used to determine the age of a bone or piece of wood |
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| farmers, hunters, fishers, traders |
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- farmed for food
- sculpted stone monuments
- settled along gulf coast |
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- farmed for food
- settled in steamy rain forests
- society fuled by religion
- built system of roads
- settled along Gulf coast
- developed hieroglyphics
- cities surrounded by pyramids
- Priests studied astronomy and created a calendar |
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- farmed for food
- society ruled by religion
- worshipped a sun god
- settled an island in Lake Texcoco
- strong military force
- built Tenochtitlan
- conquered nearly all rivals
- riests studied astronomy and created a calendar |
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- farmed for food
- largest of early civilizations
- worshipped a sun god
- strong military force
- developed quipus to keep records
- built system of roads
- settled in western highlands of South America
- cut terraces into slopes
- Cuzco was its capital city |
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| People became interested in India, China, and the rest of Asia |
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Definition
Cause: Exotic goods from the East appeared in European marketplaces
Effect: ? |
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| They studied Greek and Roman classical works with new interest |
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Definition
Cause: Italians wanted to improve their knowledge of people and the world
Effect: ? |
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| Europeans thought about themselves and the world in a dramatically different way |
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Definition
Cause: The spirit of the Renaissance spread in Europe
Effect: ? |
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| They looked for an alternative to the overland route through the Middle East |
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Definition
Cause: Merchants and bankers in Europe wanted to increase trade profits
Effect: ? |
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| Marvo Polo's Travels was read by more people in Europe |
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Definition
Cause: Movable type and the printing press were invented
Effect: ? |
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| Sailors could determine their latitude at sea |
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Definition
Cause: The astrolabe, which measured the position of the stars, was invented
Effect: ? |
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| Sailors could sail into the wind |
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Definition
Cause: The stern rudder and the triangular sail were invented
Effect: ? |
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| The people of Ghana prospered |
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Definition
Cause: The kings of Ghana imposed taxes on trade
Effect: ? |
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| Many West Africans became Muslims |
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Definition
Cause: Muslim traders from North Africa came to Ghana
Effect: ? |
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| Timbuktu became an important center of Islamic art and learning |
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Definition
Cause: Mansa Musa had great mosques built in the capital of Mali
Effect: ? |
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Term
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Definition
- Francisco Pizarro
- Panfilo de Narvaez
- Juan de Onate
- Juan Ponce de Leon
- Hernando de Soto
- Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
- Hernan Cortes |
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| Settlements in the Spanish empire in the Americas |
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Definition
- missions
- presidios
- pueblos |
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| Class system of Spanish empire in the Americas |
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Definition
- enslaved Africans
- peninsulares
- creoles
- mestizos
- Montezuma |
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| German priest whose protests against the Catholic Church started the Protestant Reformation |
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| French priest who believed that God had chosen those who would be saved |
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| left the Catholic Church when the pope refused to grant him a divorce |
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| explored the coast of North America from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas for France |
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| founded the site of present-day Montreal |
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| the ship Henry Hudson sailed |
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| Frnch explorer who established a settlement in Quebec, Canada |
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| present-day New York City |
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| Protestant Groups who broke from the Anglican Church |
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| Native American Peoples of the New England colonies |
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Definition
- Wampanoag
- Mohawks
- Narragansett
- Pequot |
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| Colonial Leaders of the New England colonies |
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Definition
- John Wheelwright
- Roger Williams
- William Bradford
- Thomas Hooker
- John Winthrop |
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| Documents to establish order in the New England colonies |
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Definition
- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
- Mayflower Compact |
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| Middle Colonies: New York |
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Definition
- Manhattan Island
- Hudson River Valley
- Dutch West India Company
- Dutch and English settlers
- promised religious freedom
- proprietary colony
- New Amsterdam
- excellent harbor
- Peter Stuyvesant- Manhattan Island
- Hudson River Valley
- Dutch West India Company
- Dutch and English settlers
- promised religious freedom
- proprietary colony
- New Amsterdam
- excellent harbor
- Peter Stuyvesant |
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| Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania |
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Definition
- Three Lower Counties
Quakers
- Charter of Privileges
- Dutch and English settlers
- promised religious freedom
- founded in 1681
- proprietary colony
- William Penn
- city of brotherly love
- attracted settlers with pamphlets |
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| Middle Colonies: New Jersey |
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Definition
- became a royal colony in 1702
- Dutch and English settlers
- promised religious freedom
- proprietary colony
- Lord John Berkeley
- charged settlers rent
- Sir George Carteret |
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| Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon |
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| mapped the line dividing Maryland and Pennsylvania |
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| agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in return for payment of passage to the colonies |
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| attack on Jamestown that showed that settlers resented being restricted to the coast |
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| Maryland port that became its largest settlement |
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| Georgia leader known as "our perpetual dictator" because of his many rules and regulations |
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| proprietary colony first settled in 1670 |
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| queen for whom Maryland was named |
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| English political philosopher who wrote the Carolina constitution |
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| Maryland river bordered by fertile countryside |
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| Carolina city named after the king of England |
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| succeeded in growing and processing indigo in Carolina |
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| 1649 law that granted Protestants and Catholics in Maryland religious freedom |
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| the French built forst and trading posts in the interior of North America |
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Definition
Cause: French trappers wanted to protect their profitable fur trade
Effect: ? |
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| France began new explorations of North America |
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Definition
Cause: King Louis XIV appointed Jean Talon royal governor
Effect: ? |
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| they discovered that the Mississippi River flowed into the Gulf of Mexico |
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Definition
Cause: Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette hoped to find a water passage to the Pacific Ocean
Effect: ? |
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| The region around the Mississippi River was claimed for France |
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Definition
Cause: Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle followed the Mississippie River to the Gulf of Mexico
Effect: ? |
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| Settlers were brought to the colony to work as tenant farmers |
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Definition
Cause: Seigneuries were set up in New France
Effect: ? |
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| the French had better relations with Native Americans than other Europeans |
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Definition
Cause: French trappers and missionaries lived among the Native American peoples, learned their languages, and respected their ways
Effect: ? |
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| Native Americans in New France were not pushed off their lands |
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Definition
Cause: The French colony grew quite slowly
Effect: ? |
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| the Spanish moved into Texas and established military posts in Texas |
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Definition
Cause: Spain wanted control of the area between the French territory and Mexico
Effect: ? |
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| the Spanish were able to lay claim to California |
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Definition
Cause: Spanish priests built a string of missions along the Pacific coast
Effect: ? |
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| Fighting broke out between British colonists in Georgia and Spanish colonists in Florida |
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Definition
Cause: Great Britain and Spain fought wars in Europe in the early 1700s
Effect: ? |
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Definition
- long winters and thin, rocky soil
- practiced subsistence farming
- hub of American shipping trade
- shipbuilding and fishing
- well-organized towns |
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Term
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Definition
- Slave labor used for farming
- little commerce or industry
- large plantations
- profitable lifestyle based on agriculture
- cash crops
- tobacco and rice crops
- Tidewater region
- right soil and warm climate |
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Definition
- cultural diversity
- Quakers and Mennonites
- many German immigrants
- cash crops
- fertile soil and mild climate
- mining and iron mills |
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Definition
| What laws directed trade between England and the colonies? |
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| governor and both houses of legislature |
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Definition
| Who were colonists in charter colonies allowed to elect? |
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Definition
| Who were colonists in the royal colonies allowed to elect? |
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| Who were colonists in proprietary colonies allowed to elect? |
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| white men who owned property |
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Definition
| What group of people had the right to vote in colonial America? |
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| What led to the formation of many new churches, especially in the Southern backcountry? |
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| Before 1647 how were most children taught to read and write? |
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| Who opposed the reforms of the Enlightenment because they fears independent thinking? |
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| proposed the Albany Plan of Union |
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| a powerful group of Native Americans |
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| a French post on the Ohio River |
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| a French fortress captured by New Englanders |
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| originally a planter and surveyor, then a soldier and hero |
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| called for a single elected legislature to govern all the colonies and collect taxes |
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| where Abenaki people joined the French in an attack on a British outpost |
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| a small Ohio post established by George Washington |
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Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland,
Hudson Bay region |
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Definition
| gained by Great Britain in a 1713 treaty |
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| an area of profitable fur trade with Native Americans |
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| the Virginia governor who sent George Washington into the Ohio country |
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| converted many Native Americans to Catholicism |
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| The British government grew alarmed and decided to intervene in the French and Indian War |
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Definition
Cause: The French built a number of well-armed forts throughout the Great Lakes region and the Ohio River valley
Effect: ? |
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| Great Britain declared war on France, beginning the Seven Years' War |
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Definition
Cause: News of Edward Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne reached London
Effect: ? |
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| Following the French and Indian War, the British government raised the colonists' taxes |
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Definition
Cause: William Pitt ran up an enormous debt for Great Britain by agreeing to pay for the supplies for the war
Effect: ? |
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| British troops defeated French troops on the Plains of Abraham |
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Definition
Cause: General James Wolfe's scout spotted a poorly guarded path up to Quebec
Effect: ? |
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| Fighting in North America between France and Great Britain came to an end |
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Definition
Cause: Quebec and Montreal were captured by British troops
Effect: ? |
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| France gave Canada and its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain and its lands west of Mississippi River to Spain. Spain gave Florida to Great Britain |
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Definition
Cause: The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763
Effect: ? |
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| Chief Pontiac assembled a group of Native Americans and raided a number of British forts and settlements |
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Definition
Cause: The British settlers mistreated the Native Americans in the Ohio River valley
Effect: ? |
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| The British government enacted the Proclamation of 1763, which temporarily halted westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains |
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Definition
Cause: Native Americans and British settlers repeatedly attacked each other throughout 1763
Effect: ? |
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