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Definition
| privileged class in Soviet Union; the elites run society instead of proletariat |
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Term
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| USSR: the top-down, planned economy of the Soviet Union: no incentives for enterprise managers |
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Term
| tragic view of human beings and who it is attributed to |
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Definition
| Pinker: humanity and man is inherently flawed; we do our best to control the, but we operate under imperfect political systems and human tradition: change is evolutionary (not revoluationary |
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Term
| Utopian vision of human beings and who it is attributed to |
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Definition
| PINKER: human tradition is malleable; revolutions can and do happen and create new human beings with different natures; change in environment = change in human beings |
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| SOUTH AFRICA: Afrikaners wanted to help the white working class by creating government-run jobs; party modeled after ethnic-social ideas, helping a particular demographic |
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Term
| active labor market policies |
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Definition
| SWEDEN: Sweden's version of Denmark's flexicurity system; same principles: 1) businesses' ability to hire and fire 2) workers' willingness to accept change, 3) government provision of ample unemployment benefits and help with retraining |
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SWEDEN: centralized wage bargaining because large % of labor force is in unions --> policy agreements on wages and benefits for entire country or for all workers in a certain industry
- lower wage workers should get higher wage increase |
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Definition
| JAPAN: stronger companies help weaker companies to maintain low internal competition |
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| dual labor market/dual economy |
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Definition
| present in multiple countries, based on skill, size of companies, laws (SA), etc. |
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Term
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| (USSR) - the government that has replaced State Socialism in Russia: government based on family and friends; "open democracy" |
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Term
| income replacement ratios |
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Definition
| present in multiple countries: amount of income reimbursed by government or provided for through subsidies |
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Definition
| South Africa: System of segregated homelands (Bantu villages); 87% of land for whites, 13% for blacks |
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Definition
| equivalent to Jim Crow laws in the early United States: segregated public buildings, privileges, resources, etc. |
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Term
| Universalistic vs. Means-tested welfare policy |
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Definition
Universalistic: universal...available to all regardless of income, etc.
Means-tested: based on eligibility criteria, i.e. income below a certain line, etc. |
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Term
| Settler colonialism vs. Colonialism |
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Definition
Settler colonialism: settlers become natives (ex: SA Afrikaners, British in US)
Colonialism: settlers come with intention of resource extraction for removal to homeland (ex: British in US, originally) |
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Term
| Characteristics of state socialism |
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Definition
(USSR) increase equality (democratic participatory) and security; allow all individuals to express their full potential.
SOCIALISM --> COMMUNISM |
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Term
| What are the two main reasons (according to Leon) for why Communism ended in the USSR? |
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Definition
1) Stagnant economy because of lack of competition --> lack of innovation --> lack of economic growth
2) Elites worried about their ability to compete with the west |
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Term
| What are three main things we can take away from the Soviet --> Russian system? |
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Definition
1) Change in political system doesn't always change inequality
2) Sudden massive change of big societies may not work
3) Danger of absolute, top-down power = undemocratic and passive public |
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Term
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Definition
| network of companies (Japan) |
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Term
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Definition
| guaranteed security under employer; loyalty --> security, 1/3 of labor force has lifetime employment in Japan |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan: Business Elites + Political Elites + Bureaucrats; permanent bureaucrats take long view of what is in the best interests of the nation |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan: government regulations used to shape and control the behavior of large businesses |
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Term
| Black Economic Empowerment |
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Definition
post-Apartheid policy to give blacks more freedom:
25% of businesses owned by blacks, employment Equity, skills development, ownership, management, socio-economic development and preferential procurement. |
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Term
| Central planning economny (aka economic intervention or economic planning) |
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Definition
| Actions taken by the government to improve and control the economy including: promoting economic growth, increasing employment, raising wages, raising or reducing prices, promoting equality, managing the money supply and interest rates, or addressing market failures. |
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Definition
| let events take their own course; governments do not intervene in the marketplace |
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Definition
| based on individualism and civil society: need to balance individual rights with the community; individuals are shaped by community |
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Term
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Definition
| (sweden) the political philosophy that capitalism won't fail on its own; it does not have fatal internal contradictions. Class coalitions created as a way to power (opposed to class conflicts). Includes democratic system, evolutionary road (opposed to revolutionary road) |
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Term
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Definition
| South Africa: system of legal racial segregation enforced by National Party between 1948 and 1994 |
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Term
| Collectivization (collective farming) |
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Definition
| USSR: organization of Soviet agriculture between 1930 and 1992 in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise |
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Definition
| USSR: process of transferring ownership of a business from the public sector to the private sector. Government --> business |
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| South Africa: laws under apartheid that set aside the elite jobs and professions for whites only |
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| faced by firms in market economies that must cover their costs of production using revenues generated from their sales or from other financial sources |
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Definition
| hierarchical distinctions or stratification between individuals or groups in societies |
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Definition
| hereditary systems of occupation, endogamy, social culture, class, and political power, assigning individuals to a social hierarchy determined by heritage |
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Definition
| honor or prestige attached to one's position in society |
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Definition
| rights guaranteed by the state or government allocated for citizens of a country (most likely present in Japan, others) |
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Definition
| Denmark's welfare system of proactive labor market. Includes 1) businesses' ability to hire and fire 2) workers' willingness to accept change, 3) government provision of ample unemployment benefits and help with retraining |
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Term
| Key points from S. Pinker |
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Definition
USSR:
1) Sociological tradition vs. social contract: individual is within greater community, sacrificing freedom; theory of evolution falls into social contract tradition
2) Utopian vs. tragic visions: human tradition is flexible vs. humanity is inherently flawed --> Pinker believes tragic tradition is more on par with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| USSR: background, political, social and economic histories of Soviet Union, state socialism and communism. How Marxist ideas fit into government planning. |
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Term
| H. Smith article: country focus + main ideas? |
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Definition
| USSR: article on consumerism in the Soviet Union in the 1970s: low quality, high demands, consumer opportunities |
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