Term
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Definition
| increase social and cultural diversity and complexity: evolve |
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Term
| Functional stratification: division of labor + institutional specialization |
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Definition
-Division of labor: specialized tools
-Institutional specialization: family, economic, political, education, etc. Distribution of power |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 5 different kinds of groups |
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Definition
1. Formal: utalitarian (corporations) or fraternal(sororities,hang out)
2. Informal: Primary groups (nuclear family), are expressive
3. Reference groups: Those to which the individual refers to his/her behavior
4. Membership Groups: person actually belongs
5. Identification groups: person aspires to become a member. may be fictionalor real (ex: trekkies) |
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Term
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Definition
| person aspires to become a member, may be real or fiction (ex: trekkies) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary groups (ex: nuclear family), are expressive |
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Term
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Definition
| Utalitarian (corporations) or Fraternal (sororities, hang outs) |
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Term
| Culture: Material vs Nonmaterial |
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Definition
Material: artifacts (ie- clothes)
Nonmaterial: language,beliefs,customs |
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Term
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Definition
| hierarchical dimension of social relationship |
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Term
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Definition
1. Statuses: ranked positions
2. Strata: ranked categories |
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Term
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Definition
| -ascribed (ie India + US during Jim Crowe era) |
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Term
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Definition
-ascribed, decided by government
-medieval Asia + Europe |
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Term
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Definition
-Achievement, elements of ascription
-Industrialized nations |
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Term
| What are the 2 polar types of society? |
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Definition
1. Hunting and gathering
2. Post-Industrial Society |
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Term
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Definition
-Foraging society
-Gosute: Foragers 'til 1942, confiscated land + relocated b/c government needed a place to practice dropping atom bombs |
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Term
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Definition
-Group-centered + Person oriented, intimacy within group
-Emphasis on "being" - be what you're meant to be
ex: naming child-does not receive a name 'til parents know his/her characteristics
-religious - supernatural
-familiastic
-non-materialistic |
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Term
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Definition
-egocentric
-emphasis on "becoming" + goals
-secular-no supernatural, realistic
-individualistic
-Materialistic |
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Term
| When does social inequality become social stratification? |
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Definition
| when it is INSTITUTIONALIZED |
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Term
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Definition
| inequality built into structure of society + culture. Rank -> Socially acceptable behavior |
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Term
| 3 criteria for class divisions |
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Definition
1. property: wealth, what you owe vs what you own
2. Occupation: Jobs + their ranking
3. Authority: control over others |
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Term
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Definition
-nouveau riche
-spending on goods and services acquired mainly for the purpose of displaying income or wealth |
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Term
| 5 major international class divisions |
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Definition
1. UPPER: corporate ownership, directorships, lots of authority
2. CORPORATE: High personal ownership, moderate corporate ownership, management, high authority
3. MIDDLE: moderate personal ownership, non-manual labor, moderate authority. 45% of population
4. WORKING: 35-40% population. limited property, manual labor, limited authority
5. POVERTY: 14% of population (more like 20%), no property, unemployed, no authority |
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Term
| recession in 2007. but why still doing better than japan and europe? |
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Definition
-outsourcing
-lower wages and benefits
-limited job security
-downsizing
-deindustrialization
-downsizing
-attack on unions
-americans working longer hours |
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Term
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Definition
Inflation + tax adjusted compensation
ex: min wage SHOULD be $10.85 |
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Term
| Purchasing Power Parity Index (PPI) |
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Definition
Based on what $1 day would buy in the US
-Also the number of people that fall below standard of living |
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Term
| What percentage of people qualify to be included in "official poverty rate" in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much money is the maximum that you can earn per year, in order to be included in the "official poverty rate?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of aggregate household income by lowest + highest fifth? |
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Definition
Lowest: 3.4$
Highest: 50.3% |
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Term
| Segmented labor force: gender segmented |
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Definition
Women and men are concentrated in different occupations
affects income (ex: physician vs nurse) |
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Term
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Definition
-Reliable indicator of level of inequality in society
-see how income changes over time
-compare quintiles |
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Term
| What happened to the standard of living in the 1980s? |
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Definition
Increased by 300%
-people developed a sense of entitlement |
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Term
| In the 1980s, who had all of the income? |
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Definition
| -Top 1% had 65% of all income |
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Term
| What is the gap between CEO + average industrial worker in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Guaranteed Contribution plan |
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Definition
Example: 401k retirement plan
-you pay $ into it, get $ out |
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Term
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Definition
X number of years = X number of dollars/month
No longer exists |
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Term
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Definition
| -Shows how much inequality in wealth + income exists |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax system in which those who earn higher incomes pay a higher percentage of their income |
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Term
Unadjusted income
vs
Adjusted income |
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Definition
Unadjusted income: taxable income
Adjusted income: Welfare and social security adjusted
-After adjustments, make more $
-more affluent people get more tax deductions |
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Term
Marginal rate
vs
Effective rate |
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Definition
-Marginal rate: what you hypothetically make
-Effective rate: what you actually make |
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Term
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Definition
-Sales tax
-More you make,less you pay |
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Term
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Definition
Wealthfare: government assistance for nonpoor
Welfare: means tested |
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Term
| Number 1 cost to taxpayers |
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Definition
| -Exclusions of pension contributions (not touched by taxes until you take it out) |
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Term
What types of things cost tax payers money? (8)
AKA things not taxable |
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Definition
1. Exclusions of pension
2. Home mortgage deductability (interest on property taxes, tax returns)
3. Deductions provided to corporations
4. Exclusion of employer contributions for medical insurance
5. Tax credit for children
6. Reduced rates on capital gains
7. Exclusion of worker's comp
8. Home sales |
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Term
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Definition
Used to keep people out of depression, post WWII to boost economy
1940's |
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Term
| What is the cost of welfare/year? |
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Definition
$8 billion/year
-hardly anything |
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Term
| What is the minimum wage adjusted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the current minimum wage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Average After-Tax income for lowest 5th, middle, and top 1%? |
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Definition
lowest 5th: 15,300
Middle: 50,200
Top 1%: 1,071,500 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Marginal tax rate
vs
Effective tax rates
(in %) |
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Definition
MArginal: what you supposedly owe (35%)
Effective: What you actually pay (18%) |
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Term
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Definition
Top $ countries
US,UK, Japan, Italy,Germany, France, Canada |
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Term
| Why has US had significant decrease in employment since 2008? |
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Definition
| Jobs lost due to outsourcing |
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Term
| 6 Factors that increase economic inequality |
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Definition
1. Major shifts in Global economy (shifts of US $ to foreign countries)
2. Deindustrialization of US economy
3. Technological inovation
4. Expansion of wealthfare |
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Term
| What are the benefits of outsourcing? |
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Definition
-lower labor costs (union costs)
-Less environmental regulation
-Less safety regulation
-Lower taxes + avoidance of US taxes |
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Term
| What are the benefits of outsourcing? |
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Definition
-lower labor costs (union costs)
-Less environmental regulation
-Less safety regulation
-Lower taxes + avoidance of US taxes |
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Term
| Deindustrialization of US economy: Why does it increase economic inequality? |
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Definition
-loss of skilled, unionized jobs in primary labor market (steel, cars, appliances,etc)
-significant expansion of low-paying, service jobs in secondary labor market (no medical coverage or insurance...just wage) |
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Term
| Why does the expansion of wealthfare increase economic inequality? |
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Definition
-lower taxes for corporations + wealthy individuals
-increase subsidies to corporations + middle-and-upper-income families (ex:farm subsidies, federal grants to pharmaceutical companies, social security) |
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Term
| What countries are in the G7? |
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Definition
-Top $ countries
US, UK, Italy, Japan, France, Germany,Canada |
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Term
Structural unemployment
vs
Functional employment |
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Definition
Structural unemployment: estimates number of people out of work due to outsourcing + deindustrialization
Functional employment: % of workforce that is between jobs (official unemployment rate) |
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Term
| Why does the official unemployment rate underestimate the problem? |
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Definition
| does not include those who have never had a job |
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Term
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Definition
1. Inflation: costs rising faster than GDP
2. Uninsured: 8% of Americans still not covered under Obamacare (young adults, college students)
3. American Corporations: Costs undermine international corporations
4. Families: Rising health care costs erodes real income gains + threatens financial stability
5. Subsidies to medical schools and hospitals |
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Term
| 2 main factors of inequality |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of income redistribution |
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Definition
| -partial redistribution: predict increase in productivity + profitability in business owners - people splurge, because dont know how to save - when people spend $ corporations win |
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Term
| What criteria do we look at when comparing types of society? |
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Definition
1. Modes of subsistence + technology
2. Size of economic surplus (income, wealth, possessions)
3. Leadership structure
4. Political + ethical consequences |
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: technology |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: how many people? |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: What kind of ruler? |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Hierarchy system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Types of inequality |
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Definition
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Principles of resource distribution |
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Definition
Force
ideology
inheritence
utility: what can you do for me? |
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Political and ethical consequences of inequality |
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Definition
Extensive warfare + conquest
slavery
headhunting, scalping, cannibalism, human sacrifice |
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Priests |
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Definition
| invented math to predict future, read starts |
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: Slaves |
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Definition
any one can be a slave, if captured during war or offending ruling clan
acription/achievement. can work way out of slave class |
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Term
| Advanced Horticultural: What does the hierarchy look like? |
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Definition
-----Absolute ruler (pharaoh)
---Military, officials (taxes), retainers (management of property and slaves), priests (predict future)
--Artisans, tillers, villagers
-SLAVES |
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Term
| European feudalism: time period? |
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Definition
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Term
| European feudalism: Monarch |
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Definition
| crowned by pope, divine right of kings |
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Term
| European feudalism: 3 estates |
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Definition
Legally defined, church-sanctioned category
1. Clergy: pray for souls
2. Nobility: Protect
3. Commoners: 95% - work for everyone else |
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Term
| European feudalism: Governing class |
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Definition
1%
literate
Knights, noblemen, churchmen, academics, physicians |
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Term
| European feudalism: Unclean + degraded |
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Definition
| barber-surgeons, cooks, beggars, thieves, prostitutes |
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Term
| European feudalism: Expendables |
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Definition
| hostages, prisoners, paupers,sick, insane, etc |
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Term
| European feudalism: Premonocta |
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Definition
| Nobility can sleep with commoner's daughters |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically-assisted human + animal power for plowing, planting, harvesting |
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Term
| Agrarian: how big were cities? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1st son inherits everything |
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Term
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Definition
| large plantations controlled by lords |
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Term
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Definition
| product of guilds...craftsmen should change cost of production + cost of standard of living, no moreto makeprofit. sin ->userage |
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Term
| European Mercantilism: growth of merchant class |
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Definition
| -growing merchant class, agriculture not as profitable. merchants lent money to aristocrats, so they could get "civil liberties" in return |
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Term
| European Mercantilism: Slave class |
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Definition
| men could sell women + children for $ |
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Term
| European Mercantilism: Indentured servant |
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Definition
| 90% whites, sell self for passage to US |
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Term
| Mercantile: what centuries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mercantile: what countries? |
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Definition
| Britain, France, Holland, Spain |
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Term
| Late-Industrial - Early Post-Industrial America: What countries? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Late-Industrial - Early Post-Industrial America: what centuries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Late-Industrial - Early Post-Industrial America: Technology |
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Definition
| machines powered by fossil fuels |
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Term
| Late-Industrial - Early Post-Industrial America: how are resources distributed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Late-Industrial - Early Post-Industrial America: what shape hierarchy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Japan |
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Term
| Sources of legitimation: Indian Caste System, Feudal Estate System, US Class System |
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Definition
Indian caste system: Hindu religion
Feudal estate system: Divine right
US class system: ideology of equality of opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of simple horticulture about 100,000 years ago, which led to vast changes in most aspects of society |
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Term
| 5 types of social stratification |
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Definition
1. Primitive Communal
2. Slavery
3. Caste
4. Estate or Feudal
5. Class systems |
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Term
| 5 basic characteristics of social stratification |
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Definition
1. Normatively closed versus open divisions
2. the actual method of status or class placement
3. Method of legitimation
4. Predominant form of inequality
5. Comparative level of inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| placement in a caste system which is beyond individual's control (ie gender, race, parents' ranks, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
system that justifies existence of inequality
ex: bottom of hierarchy may be convinced that their ranking is "Right and proper" |
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Term
| Ideological justification |
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Definition
-systematic belief system, pointing to the superior qualities of those on top of the hierarchy and their important contribution to society overall
-justifies their greater share of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| -based on laws enforcing the rights and duties of ranks, claim to ensure a fair set of rules in assigning ranks and rewards |
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Term
| 3 dimensions of inequality |
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Definition
1.inequalities of Honor, status prestige
2. inequalities of economic influence and material awards
3. inequalities based on military, political, or bureaucratic power |
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Term
| primitive communal societies |
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Definition
-earliest forms of social organization
-hunting + gathering
-achieved positions in hierarchy (chief, medicine man, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
-india
-high degree of normative closure and rigid ranks |
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Term
|
Definition
-military power and economic dominance
-high ascription
-agrarian society
-stratification based on land ownership |
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Term
|
Definition
-shaped by industrial revoultion
-economic based stratification |
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Term
| What are the benefits of social stratification? |
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Definition
-helps shape how people live
-opportunities for better life
-influences events like war, economic expansion or stagnation, unemployment and inflation, and government policies |
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Term
Michael
Born in 1965, during race riots in L.A. |
|
Definition
demonstrates life of poor
-poor
-mother arrested for knife fight
-foster home 3 yrs
-moved 11 times, mother jobless, married a janitor + had another kid
-went to jail, mother shot |
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Term
|
Definition
| grew up with money, stayed rich and powerful |
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Term
|
Definition
-people with individual qualities and social roles
-sex, size, strength, agility, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
-people have unequal access to valued resources, services, and positions in the society
-related to different positions in social structure |
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Term
|
Definition
inequality has been hardened or institutionalized and there is a system of layered hierarchy
rules are developed that explain how rewards are given |
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Term
|
Definition
| people are placed into positions in the stratification system because of qualities that are beyond their control (ie race, gender, class) |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals with similar positions and similar political and economic interests within the stratification system |
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Term
| Controversies over class (4) |
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Definition
1. most important criteria in distinguishing classes
2. number of class divisions that exist
3. the extent to which individuals must recognize these divisions
4. whether or not class divisions even exist in the US and other industrial societies |
|
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Term
| authority structures vs occupational structures |
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Definition
| how many people a person must take orders from versus how many people a person can give orders to |
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Term
| Three main criteria that class divisions are based on |
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Definition
1. a person's position in occupational structure
2. authority structure
3. the ownership of property that produces profit, such as stocks (property structure) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ownership of property that produces profit, such as stock ownership |
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Term
| Labels that specify occupation (5) |
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Definition
1. Capitalist Class: Upper class
2. Higher nonmanual: higher white collar
3. Lower nonmanual: lower white collar
4. Skilled manual: Skilled blue collar
5. Unskilled manual: Unskilled blue collar |
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Term
| 3 intersecting criteria for class location |
|
Definition
1. occupation
2. authority
3. property |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to signify those families high in property ownership with high authority flowing from said ownership |
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Term
|
Definition
used to signify people with high authority and power in major corporations (and often government)
-presidents, vp, corp board members |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to signify those with relatively little property, but high to middle positions in occupation (nonmanual labor). |
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Term
|
Definition
used to signify those with little or no property, middle to low positions in occupation (manual labor)
--lower class |
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Term
|
Definition
-indicate positions in social structure
-indicate class position in hierarchy |
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Term
|
Definition
| individual or group movement within the class system |
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Term
| Purchasing power index (PPI) |
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Definition
| allows for us to get a much more realistic picture of differing standards of living and rates of poverty around the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything of economic value that is bought, sold, stocked for future disposition |
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Term
|
Definition
| money, wages, and payments that periodically are received as returns from an occupation or investments |
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Term
|
Definition
measures income inequality
score of 0 = complete equality
score of 1 = one person or family has all income |
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Term
|
Definition
-Sales tax
-less affluent pay more as a percentage of their income than do affluent |
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