Term
| Why do we do literature reviews? |
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Definition
| to build research on what others have already found. Also, to figure out what has already been studied, the conclusions, and what questions were left unanswered |
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Term
| What makes a research question feasible? |
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Definition
| narrow down the broad subject to something manageable-- review literature-- assess if the study will be practical in terms of time, money and access. |
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Term
| What is the population when sampling? |
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Definition
| the entire group of "elements" in which we are interested |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of drawing a number of individual cases from a larger population |
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Term
| Why are we interested in sampling? |
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Definition
| to minimize the number of things we examine or maximize the quality of our examination of those we do examine |
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Term
| Name the two kinds of sampling |
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Definition
probability- every element in a population has a chance of being included in our sample
non-probability- selecting cases based on availability |
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Term
| What is systematic random sampling? |
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Definition
| In a population of N, every Kth object is chosen to sample |
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Term
| What is stratified sampling? |
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Definition
| Divide population into sub-groups, randomly select final subjects based on group proportions |
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Term
| What is convenience sampling? |
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Definition
| sampling populations that are easily accessible |
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Term
| What is snowball sampling? |
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Definition
| getting recommendations for study participants |
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Term
| How does our sampling frame impact our results? |
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Definition
sampling frame- the number of individual cases we draw from a population.
We can see how results have changed over time. |
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Term
| What is conceptualization? |
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Definition
the process of clarifying what we mean by a certain concept.
Describing the concept by using other concepts
(defining what you want to study) |
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Term
| What is operationalization? |
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Definition
the process of specifying what particular indicators we will use for a variable
(indicators- observations that we think reflect the presence or absence of the phenomenon to which concept refers)
telling how you will study the concept |
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Term
| What is internal validity? |
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Definition
this measures the extent to which a test or procedure is consistent within itself, ie. questionnaire items or questions in an interview should be measuring the same thing.
shows cause and effect between IV and DV |
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Term
| What is external validity? |
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Definition
| this measures consistency from one occasion to another the same result should be found on different days, in different labs, observations or interviews, by different researchers |
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Term
| How does the validity of qualitative research compare to quantitative research? |
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Definition
| qualitative results can be based on emotions, making it less valid than facts and statistics |
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Term
| What are the levels of measurement? |
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Definition
| nominal-- ordinal-- interval-- ratio |
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Term
| What are the creation of measures? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a study design in which data are collected for all the variables of interest using one sample at at time |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which data are collected at least two different times, such as a panel, trends or cohort study. |
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Term
| What is case study design? |
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Definition
| in depth study of a particular situation instead of a statistical survey |
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Term
What are the issues of causality?
(three conditions that must be satisfied) |
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Definition
1) empirical association- (data gathered with 5 senses)
2) temporal precedence- refers to the order of events (does before, not the cause)
3) spuriousness (when two variables aren't connected) |
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Term
| What are the experimental designs? |
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Definition
| a study design in which the independent variable is controlled, manipulated, or introduced in some way by the researcher |
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Term
| What is the field or natural experiments? |
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Definition
| an experiment done in the "real world" of classrooms, offices, factories, homes, playgrounds and the like. |
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Term
| What is simple random sampling? |
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Definition
| population of N objects, all N objects have an equal chance of being sampled |
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Term
| What is multistage sampling? |
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Definition
| combining multiple methods of sampling |
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Term
| What are the errors of probability sampling? |
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Definition
-imprecisions introduced by using samples
-coverage, not everyone gets sampled
- non-responsive, unable to get response
-measurement, not measuring what we planned |
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Term
| What are the errors with non-probability sampling? |
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Definition
| we dont know if we've captured the characteristics of our population |
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Term
| What is quantitative research? |
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Definition
| research focused on variables, including their description and relationships |
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Term
| What is qualitative research? |
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Definition
research focused on the interpretation of the action of, or representation of meaning created by, individual cases
(non statistical) |
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Term
| What is the nominal level of measurement? |
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Definition
Weakest, most basic level of measurement
Also referred to as ‘categorized’ or ‘frequency’ data People and objects are classed together on the basis of common features
These categories are mutually exclusive: it is only possible to belong to one category
Named categories can be given arbitrary numbers, labels or codes |
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Term
| What is the ordinal level of measurement? |
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Definition
Data is placed in rank order which allows meaningful comparison
We can make statements about the relative magnitude (size) of scores
Possible to state one value is higher than another, but not to assume more than this, e.g., if people are placed in height order and given a rank of 1-10, we cannot say the tallest person is twice as tall as the person ranked fifth Data gathered on unstandardized, invented scales, e.g., attitude scales or responses to Likert-style questions should be treated at this level |
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Term
| What is the interval level of measurement? |
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Definition
Measurements are on a standardised scale of fixed units separated by equal distances
Standardised personality and IQ scales are generally accepted as having equal distances between the units, but are sometimes referred to as ‘plastic’ scales as we cannot know this for certain
Values can be positive or negative, e.g., temperature
Although the scale is of equal intervals, the intervals are not always meaningful, e.g., room temperature increasing by 5 degrees is more likely to be noticed if the starting temperature is -3 degrees rather than 33 degrees |
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Term
| What is the ratio level of measurement? |
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Definition
Strongest level of measurement
Like interval scales, but measurement starts a genuine zero point - absolute zero
The data is represented physical quantities such as time, weight, pressure, length, wages
We can say someone who weighs 194lbs is twice the weight of a person weighing 97lbs or that someone who completes a reaction timed task in 32 seconds did it in half the time of someone taking 64 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| a study designed in which data are collected about one sample at least two times where the IV is not controlled by a researcher. |
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Term
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Definition
| does our measuring tool appear to be doing what it should? |
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Term
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Definition
| does the content cover the realm of things we are trying to look for |
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Term
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Definition
| consistent results through multiple tests |
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Term
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Definition
| do our findings endure over time or are they era dependent? |
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Term
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Definition
| if something predicts how something will be in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| can we expand our findings |
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Term
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Definition
if we move to different places do our findings stay consistent?
the whole "big picture" |
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