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| The way in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world. |
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| The process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes. |
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| The most representative member of a category. |
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| A schema is an organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is bulit up from experience and that contains casual relations; it is a theory about how the social world operates. |
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| A cognitive structure for processing information based on its perceived female or male qualities. |
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| A schema that describes how a series of events is likely to occur in a well-known situation and which is used as a guide for behavior and problem solvng. |
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| The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas. |
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| The tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the "typical" or "average" member of that category. |
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| The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event., |
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| Anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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| A tendency to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgements. |
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| The tendency, once an event has occured, to overestimate our ability to have forseen the outcome. |
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| The tendency to evaluate events by imaging alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened. |
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| The attempt to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness. |
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| The process by which we try to detect other people's temporary states and enduring dispositions (also called social perception) |
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| Communicating feelings and intentions without words. |
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| The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners without conscious awareness or intention. |
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| A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill. |
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| The theory that virtually all of the documented behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and the resulting social roles that are taught to the young. |
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| Traits that exert a disproportionate influence on people's overall impressions, causing them to assume the presence of other traits. |
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| Implicit personality theories |
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| A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together. |
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| The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information. |
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| The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events. |
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| An attribution that locates the cause of an event to factors internal to the person, such as personality traits, moods, attitudes, abilities, or efforts. |
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| An attribution that locates the cause of an event to factors external to the person, such as luck, or other people, or the situation. |
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| An interference that the action of an actor corresponds to, or is indicative of, a stable personal characteristic. |
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| A principle of attribution theory stating that for something to be the cause of particular behavior, it must be present when the behaviors occurs and absent when it does not occur.l |
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| A principle of attribution theory stating that whenever there are several possible causal explanations for particular event, people tend to be much less likely to attribute the effect to any particular cause. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional causes and underestimate the impact of situational causes on other people's behavior. |
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| The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal factors. |
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| Dual-process models of attribution |
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Definition
| Theories of attribution that propose that people initially engage in a relatively automatic and simple attributional assessment but then later consciously correct this attribution with more deliberate and effortful thinking. |
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| A positive or negative evaluation of an object. |
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| An attitude that is activated automatically from memory, often without the person's awareness that she or he possesses it. |
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| A conscioulsy held attitude. |
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| The simultaneous possession of contradictory implicit and explicit attidues toward the same object. |
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| A group to which peole orient themselves, using its standards to judge themselves and the world. |
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| The tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them. |
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| Learning through association, when a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that naturally produces an emotional response. |
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| Classical conditioning that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved. |
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| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment. |
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| The tendency to seek consistency in one's cognitions. |
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| A feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one's attitudes. |
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| The theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior. |
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| Theory of planned behavior |
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| The theory that people's conscious decisions to engage in specific actions are determined by their attitudes toward the behavior in question, the relevant subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control. |
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| The strength of the association between an object and an evaluation of it, typically measured by the speed with which people can access the evaluation from memory. |
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| The process of consciously attempting to change attitudes through the transmission of some message. |
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| Elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
| A theory that persuasive messages can cause attitude change in two ways, each differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires. |
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| Central route to persuasion |
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Definition
| Persuasion that occurs when people think carefully about a communication and are influenced by the strength of its arguments. |
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| Peripheral route to persuasion |
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| Persuasion that occurs when people do not think carefully about a communication and instead are influenced by cues that are irrelevant to the content or quality of communication. |
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Definition
| The delayed effectiveness of a persuasive message from a noncredible source. |
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| Pessimistic explanatory style |
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Definition
| A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes,and positive events to external, unstable, and specific causes. |
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| Optimistic explanatory style |
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Definition
| A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and specific causes, and positive events to internal, stable, and global causes. |
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