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| scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior, feelings, and thought in social situations |
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| accuracy, objectivity, skepticism, open-mindedness |
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| crucial role in behavior and social thought. Allows in engagement in social cognition (why people to this and what they are like) |
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| (new branch) investigates the potential role of genetic factors in various aspects of human behavior |
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| how people act in social situations |
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| how people tend to make sense out of the social world and to understand themselves and others |
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| casual acquaintance or passing friendships to intense long-term (marriage) |
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| area of research that seeks knowledge about the neural and biological bases of social processes (fMRI and PET scans give perspective) |
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| take place in an automatic manner without any conscious thought or intensions on our part |
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| increasingly sensitive to the fact that individuals cultural, ethnic, and racial heritage often play a key role in self-identity. Can exert important effects on behavior |
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| multicultural prospective |
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| a focus on understanding the cultural/ ethnic factors that influence social behavior |
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| carefully observing behavior as it occurs. Informal. Accompanied by careful relatively accurate measurement of a particular behavior across people |
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| observing people in natural settings. Very discrete to avoid people changing observed behavior (ie: Hawthorn effect) systematically observing. |
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| ask large number of people to respond to questions about attitudes and behaviors |
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| can collect info quickly/ easily. Info typically in quantative form (pick 1-5). Easy to analyze. Quick turn around time |
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| people lie. Self enhancement. Restrictions to answers without explanation. Perception differences. Sabotage (to hurt others). Carelessness. |
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Manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember and use info about the social world
“Automatic thinking”- happens quickly/ effortlessly without careful reasoning |
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| “rule of thumb”. Simple rules for making complex decisions/ drawing inferences in a rapid effortless manner |
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| our current feelings or moods (emotional self) |
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| instances in which our ability to process info is exceeded. Then, automatic processing is common |
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| mental frameworks that allow us to organize large amounts of info in an efficient manner (situations, people, occupations, social groups) |
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| Mostly unconscious. A situation that occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of specific types of info held in memory |
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| Mostly conscious. Refers to the fact that the effects of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease |
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| tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information |
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| occurs when, after extensive experience with a task/ type of info, we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the info in a seemingly effortless, automatic, and non-conscious manner. Activation of stereotypes. |
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| recoginizing nonverbal cues and effects on social relations. everyone engages i deception occasionally |
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| fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a sec. reactions appear on face very quickly |
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| process through which we form impressions of others |
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| efforts by individuals to produce favorable first impressions on others |
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| communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language |
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| process through which we seek to know and undertand other people |
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| body movements carrying specific meanings in dif. culture |
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| aspects of speech apart from the meaning of the words employed. pitch of their voices often rises, esp. when highly motivated to lie. Take longer to begin to respond to questions or describe events. Show tendency to start, stop, then resume sentences. |
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| process through which we seek to identify the causes of others behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and depositions.. Our own behavior too! |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| tendency to explain others actions as stemming from more common or stronger in dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes. this error is more common or stronger in individualist cultures such as western Europe, US, Canada. |
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| related to the fundamental tendency to attribute our own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behaviors of others mainly to dispositional causes |
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| tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes (one's own traits) but neg. outcomes to external causes (chance/task/difficulty) |
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| most common psychological disorder, almlost half of human beings experience this. |
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| small amounts of info about others we use to form first impressions of them. |
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| Does impression mang. work? |
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| efforts to make the target person feel good in various ways, induce positive moods in others. (flattery/ingratiation, express liking, agree w their views) |
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| efforts to increase their appeal to others (boost physical appearance, boast about abilities) |
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| implicit (hidden) personality theories |
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| beliefs about what traits or characteristics tend to go together. Can influence the impressions of others more than ppls actual traits. |
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