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| the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are |
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| the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others |
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| what we know and believe about ourselves |
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| beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information |
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| images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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| evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others |
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| the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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| construing one's identity as an autonomous self |
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| giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly |
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| construing one's identity in relation to others |
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| the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task |
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| overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events- especially prone to this after negative events |
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| differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly with practice that forms new habit |
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| the human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen |
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| a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth |
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| proposes that people exhibit self protective emotional and cognitive responses |
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| self-promotion strategies |
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1. Staging Performance- seeking opportunity to show off
2. Competence Displays-displaying behaviors that display competence
3. Appearance Enhancement-belief that you're more attractive than you really are
4. self-handicapping-giving yourself an excuse |
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| Status displaying strategies |
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1) displaying status artifacts: (marking your territory) ex. Corner office
2) consumption displays: ex. publicly displaying spending large amounts of money; expensive cars, jewels, houses, etc.
3)managing associations: associating yourself with people of power and dissociating yourself from people with lower status
4)nonverbal dominance displays: postures, interrupt, |
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Flattery
Projecting Modesty (downplay successes; nbd)
Name Utilization
Self Monitoring |
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multiple audiences
avoiding transparency |
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| Multiple Selves;Professor Linville's research area is social cognition, focusing on a wide variety of topics such as stereotyping and intergroup relations, attention and inhibitory processes, social judgment and decision making, self-concept, stress and coping, negotiation, teams, and the social Psychology of organizations. |
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Looking glass self
spotlight effect
self awareness
self recognition
cocktail effect |
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Fallacy of Normalcy- Kinsley Masturbate
Lake Wobegon Effect:
The tendency we have to think that we are better than we really are; better looking, more intelligent, etc.
actor-observer effect
Implicit Egoism
Downward Social Comparison |
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| more michelle's live in michigan and georges in georgia |
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| I’m better than you; comparing yourself with those who haven’t done as well as a you. Feel better comparing yourself with the general body of students instead of barrett honors students |
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| : tendency that we have to discount the situation with judging others negative behaviors but not our own but taking notice our positive behaviors but not others; discount situation if someone else is performing the negative behavior too |
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Self regulation
Delaying gratification (study)
Limited resource (studies)
Unwanted thoughts (study |
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Definition
delaying gratification -marshmellow test
Limited resource:
Study: Dieter’s Study, watched a video documentary and had skittles and doritos right in front of them and across the room
White bear study with Dan Wagner: don't think about them |
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| Your past reminiscence of yourself: tend to be more positive then they were |
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Permanent injury study: people overestimate the strength and duration of emotional reactions of dramatic events
“I would just die..”
Prof’s tenure study
Professors all overreacted to getting or not getting tenure
) we tend to underestimate the resilience of people can also happen with positive things |
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| the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action |
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| Accuracy of Person's Perception |
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Study 1: Based on voice alone
Study 2: Based on Photos alone
We form quick accusations of people in the first few seconds of meeting them |
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| Malcolm Gladwell; narrow windows |
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Classism
Weightism
Ageism
Lookism |
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Relatively superficial effects: Pet Study: Poodle (high maintenance), pitbulls: aggressive. Taller people are more powerful; overweight is lazy
More meaningful effects: clothing and possessions you own; Sam Gosling |
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Facial Expressions: Paul Ekman Six primary emotions
Gestures
Eye Contact
Touch |
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| rules we use in placing ourselves; urinal example |
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| Facial Expressions and Detecting Deception |
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| sadness, surprise, happiness, fear, disgust, anger |
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| Spontaneous trait inference |
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spontaneously infer people's personality traits by actions: kick a puppy: cruel
Jim Uleman |
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| Spontaneous trait transference |
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| Don Carlson: GOSSIP: we seem to take on traits we infer on others, true with negative as well as positive |
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| Soloman Asch trait study with warm and cold made one word warm and one word cold |
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| Openness, Agreeableness, Consciousness, Neuroticism, Extraversion |
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| Listing a negative term first and then the rest good and having the same list of traits but the first one is negative in one and positive in the other |
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| 4 reasons for strength in first impressions |
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primacy effects
confirmation bias and study
confirmatory hypothesis testing and study
self-fulling prophecy |
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| Confirmation bias and study |
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| Once we form a first impression, we actively seek and create information that supports that idea.; sticking-to-the-theory |
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| when we have expectancies about someone it causes us to treat people a certain way until they do the expected behavior |
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| Evolutionary Adaptive Behavior-It is evolutionarily adaptive to pay attention to negative information because it is threatening. |
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| Affects what we pay attention to, and how we interpret behavior and speech, effects memory of them. |
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| What effects us is what is on our mind at the time. |
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| Priming Effects: : participants were brought into a lab, brought something to mind for half, something else for the other group. Had group complete a word completion task. Had to fill in the missing letter, so simple, everyone got everything right. The only thing they changed was reckless and spontaneous. Donald “loved to go sky diving”. Group rated him as spontaneous or reckless, and it correlated with the group. |
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| We have a tendency to overestimate others relations to us. |
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Beautiful/Ugly Room Study
Participants show up at room number, only one at a time. The door is locked. Grad student comes running up, do you mind if we go to this room that is available? Everyone is willing to go. Half the participants were taken to this beautiful lobby. Research set up a stack of photograph, than they had to rate the attractiveness level of each person. Other group went to janitor’s break room, got same stack of photos. The first group rated the people as more attractive. |
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| Belief in a just world: things happen to you because you deserve it. |
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| Authentic smiles change in the eyes |
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| Had a picture of an expressionless face and changed the background; people viewed the picture having different expressions each time |
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| implicit association test: a computer driven assessment of implicit attitudes; the test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words |
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| tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions; ex: dissonance may occur when we realize that we have with little justification acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another |
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| Memory bias; selective memory |
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| efers to the finding that people with strong biases toward an issue (partisans) perceive media coverage as biased against their opinions, regardless of the reality. |
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| Boosting Accuracy of Person Impressions |
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| Personal relevance makes us more aware and attempt to form better opinions of a person. |
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| automatic processing; thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness, "intuition" |
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| controlled processing, thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious |
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