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| Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
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| An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| Socially shared beliefs- widely held ideas and values, includijng our assumptions and cultural ideaologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world. |
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| An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. |
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| The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. AKA: the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
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| Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory. |
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| The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables. |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant). |
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| Survery procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| The way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expresed opinions. |
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| The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates. |
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| The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all people persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. Helps us infer cause and effect- DIFFERENT FROM RANDOM SAMPLING- |
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| Helps to generalize a population in a study. |
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| Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants. |
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| Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants. |
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| In researchm an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes. |
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| Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected. |
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| An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
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| In social psych, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debrieging usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings. |
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| The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are. |
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| The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. |
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| A person's answers to the question, "Who am I?" |
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| Beliefs about self that organcize and guide the processing o self relevant information. |
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| Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future. |
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| Evalutating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others. |
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| The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes ather than group identifications. |
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| Giving priority to the goals of one's groups ( often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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| Construing (interpreting) one's identity in relation to others. |
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| The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task. |
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| Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events. |
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| The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system", which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen. |
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| Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persusaion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
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| A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. |
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| A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-woth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem. |
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| The extent to which people pereive outcomes as interally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces. |
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| The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad/unpleasant/painful events. |
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| The tendency to perceive onself favorably. |
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| self-serving attributions |
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| A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute postitive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors. |
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| The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action. |
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| The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors. |
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| The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or succesful behaviors. |
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| Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group). |
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| Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure. |
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| The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals. |
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| The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals. |
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| Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression. |
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| Activating particular associations in memory. |
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| Persistence of one's intial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
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| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
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| "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. |
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| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition". |
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| overconfidence phenomenon |
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| The tendency to be more confifent than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
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| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
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| representativeness heurtistic |
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| The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. |
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| A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availibility in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
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| Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. |
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| Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship tan actually exists. |
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| Perception of unvontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. |
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| regression toward the average |
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| The statistcal tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average. |
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| The theory of how people explain others' behavior- for example, by attributing it either to interal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations. |
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| dispositional attribution |
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| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits. |
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| Attributing behavior to the environment. |
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| spontaneous trait inference |
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| An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior. |
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| fffffffffffffffffuuuuuuuuundamental attribution error |
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| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. (Also called correspondence bias, because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition.) |
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| A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions. |
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| A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
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| A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
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