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| Research that entails culling information from existing records ranging from magazine articles to Web site analytics |
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| Any difference other than the levels of the independent variable between the experimental group and the control group |
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| The group that does no get the main treatment in an experiment, but is used as a baseline to compare results with the experimental group |
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| Research in which researchers do not manipulate variables, but observe whether there is a relationship between two variables |
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| Procedure of giving participants a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested, procedures used to deceive participants, and the reasons for the deception |
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| Providing participants with false or incomplete information |
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| The variable the experimenter does not control that is used to measure whether the change in the independent variable has an effect |
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| Research used to obtain information regarding the current status of a population or phenomena to describe the who, what, when, where, and how questions with respect to variables or conditions in a situation |
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| Study in which neither the experimenter nor the participant knows which group is experimental and which is control |
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| In an experiment, the group that gets the main treatment or manipulation |
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| Research that attempts to control all the factors (like a potential third variable) that may affect the results of an experiment |
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| Bias exhibited by the experiment administrator in inadvertently but subtly changing his behavior toward participants because of knowledge of which group is control and which group is experimental; this also occurs when the researcher subconsciously shows bias in his or her evaluation of results in an effort to reach the desired conclusion |
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| The extent to which results apply to a general population |
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| A proposed explanation that can be either supported or disproven with statistics or observations |
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| The variable the experimenter has control over and can alter |
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| When subjects are told at the beginning of a study as much information as possible about the participation in the study to determine if they would like to be involved |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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| A committee that has been established to approve and oversee research that involves human and nonhuman animal subjects |
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| The ability to infer cause and effect; that the variable was manipulated was the only factor to change across conditions and so was what led to the observed effect |
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| Research design in which two or more groups of individuals are identical, or matching, in terms of the third variable |
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| Research that involves watching behavior in a real-world setting |
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| A definition that assigns one or more specific operational conditions to an event and then identifies how those conditions should be measured |
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| Bias that occurs when a participant's suspictions, expectations, or assumptions about the study influence the result |
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| A process by which experts in the field review and comment on each other's work |
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| A measurable or observable improvement in health or behavior that is not attributed to medication or any other treatment given |
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| A required technique in an experiment to be able to infer cause and effect; every participant has any equal chance of being assigned to any group in the experiment |
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| Repeating a study to verify effects, usually with a different sample of participants |
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| The query that is the first step in the research process |
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| Selection of who or what will be tested in the research process |
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| Self-Report / Survey Method |
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| A form of data collection in which participants are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state |
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| Study in which two groups of participants are not told whether they are given the real treatment or the placebo and, therefore, do not know in which group they are |
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| A general framework for understanding a concept that allows us to describ, explain, and predict behavior |
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| Any other factor that could be responsible for the observed effect |
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| When a variable measures what it is supposed to measure |
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| Stimuli or characteristics that can take on different values, such as level of attraction or age |
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