Term
|
Definition
| the manner in which we interpret analyze, remember, and use information about the social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid manner and seemingly effortless manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our current feelings and moods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instances in which our ability to process information is exceeded. |
|
|
Term
| conditions of uncertainty |
|
Definition
| Where the "correct" answer is difficult to know or would take a great deal of effort to determine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summary of the common attributes possessed by members of a category |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strategy for making judgments on the basis of how easily specific kinds of info can be brought to mind |
|
|
Term
| anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
|
Definition
| A heuristic that involves the tendency to use a number of value as a starting point to which we then make adjustments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental frame works centering on a specific theme that help us to organize social info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation that occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of specific types of info held in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the fact that the effects of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a linguistic device that relates or draws a comparison between one abstract concept and another dissimilar concept. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this occurs when, after extensive experience with a task or type of information, we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the information in a seemingly effortless, automatic, and nonconscious manner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our predisposition to expect things to turn out well overall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgments than is reasonable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to make optomistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for completion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to imagine other outcomes in a situation than the ones that actually occurred. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking involving assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny - for example, the belief that things that resemble one another share fundamental properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our efforts to come ot terms with certainty of our own death and its unsettling implications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that we are more likely to store or remember positive information when in a positive mood and negative information when in a negative mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that what we remember while in a given mood may be determined, in part, by what we learned when previously in that mood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predictions about how we would feel about events we have not actually experienced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaluation of various aspects of the social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious associations between objects and evaluative responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which we acquire new information, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which one stimulus, initially neutral, acquires the capacity to evoke reactions through repeated pairing with another stimulus. In a sense, one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation or occurrence of the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that evokes a positive or negative response without substantial learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus that comes to stand for or signal a prior unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals threshold of conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by having seen before, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can be formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mere repetition of info creates a sense of familiarity and more positive attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| instrumental conditioning |
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened |
|
|
Term
| instrumental conditioning |
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of individuals with whom we have interpersonal relationships and interact with on a regular basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which we compare ourselves to others to determine whether our view of social reality is, or is not, correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of people with whom we identify and whose opinions we value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than us. |
|
|
Term
| theory of reasoned action |
|
Definition
| a theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not to act. That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions, which strongly influence overt behavior |
|
|
Term
| theory of planned behavior |
|
Definition
| an extension of the theory of reasoned action, suggesting that in addition to attitudes toward a given behaior and subjective norms about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform the behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plan for how to implement our intentions to carry out some action |
|
|
Term
| attitude-to-behavior process model |
|
Definition
| a model of how attitudes guide behavior that emphasizes the influence of attitudes and stored knowledge of what is appropriate in a given situation on an individual's definition of the present situation. this definition, in turn, influences overt behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeatedly performing a specific behavior so responses become relatively automatic whenever that situation is encountered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efforts to change others' attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processing of information in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas |
|
|
Term
| central route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| attitude change resulting from systematic processing of information presented in persuasive messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts |
|
|
Term
| peripheral route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| attitude change that occurs in response to peripheral persuasion cues, which is often based on information concerning the expertise or status of would-be persuaders. |
|
|
Term
| elaberation-likelihood model (ELM) |
|
Definition
| a theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either of two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration the message receives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative reactions to threats to one's personal freedom. Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can even produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt at persuasion. forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes. Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited capacity to engage our willpower and control our own thinking and emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when our capacity to self-regulate has been reduced because of prior expenditures of limited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistency between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior |
|
|
Term
| less-leads-to-more-effect |
|
Definition
| the fact that offering individuals small rewards for engaging in counterattitudinal behavior often produces more dissonance, and so more attitude change, than offering them larger rewards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| publicly advocating some attitudes or behavior and then acting in a way that is inconsistent with these attitudes or behavior |
|
|
