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Definition
| Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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| the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
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| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
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| The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
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| The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them |
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| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. |
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| the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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| The group with which an individual identifies as a member |
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| Any group with which an individual does not identify |
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| Urban Overload Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to aboid being overwhelmed by it |
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Definition
| The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help |
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Definition
| The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a cetain way, when in fact they are not |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
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Definition
| Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person |
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Definition
| Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain |
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| Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
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Definition
| The instinct toward life, posited by Freud |
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Definition
| According to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions |
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Definition
| An area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviors |
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| A chemical in the brain that may inhibit aggressive impulses |
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Definition
| A hormone associated with aggression |
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| Frustration-Aggression Theory |
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Definition
| The idea that frustration--the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal--increases the probability of an aggressive response |
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Term
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Definition
| An object that is associated with aggressive responses (e.g., a gun) and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression |
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| The idea that we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them |
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Definition
| Ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture |
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Definition
| The notion that"blowing off steam"--by performing an aggressive act, watching other engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging ina fantasy of aggression--relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior |
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Definition
| A hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based soley on their membership in that group |
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| A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members |
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Definition
| Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group |
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Definition
| The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are |
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Definition
| The tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated |
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Term
| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people |
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Definition
| The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
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Definition
| The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place |
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Definition
| The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectations |
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| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible,and relatively powerless |
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Definition
| Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discriminaion are the norm |
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Definition
| Sexist attidudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and disrimination are the norm |
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Definition
| The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance |
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| Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes |
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| The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them |
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Term
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Definition
| A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and rase the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class |
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Definition
| Mild, transient reactions to stressful events, followed by a quick return to normal, healthy functioning |
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Definition
| The negative feelings and beliefs that arise whenever people feel unable to cope with demands from their environment |
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| Internal-External Locus of Control |
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Definition
| The tendency to believe that things happen because we control them versus believing that good and bad outcomes are out of our control |
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Definition
| The belief that we can influence our evironment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes |
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Definition
| The belief in one's ability to carry out specific actions that produce desired outcomes |
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Definition
| The state of pessimism that results from attributing a negative event to stable, internal, and global factors |
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Definition
| The belieft that an event is caused by factors that will not change over time (e.g., your intelligence), as opposed to factors that will change over time (e.g., the amount of effort you put into a task) |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that an event is caused by things about you (e.g., your own ability or effort), as opposed to factors that are external to you (e.g., the difficulty of a test) |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that an event is caused by factors that apply in a large number of situations rather than factors that are specific and apply in only a limited number of situations |
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Definition
| the ways in which people react to threatening events |
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Definition
| Responding to stress by either attacking the source of the stress or fleeing from it |
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| Tend-and-Befriend Response |
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Definition
| Responding to stress with nurturant activities designed to protect oneself and one's offspring (tending) and creating social networks that provide protection from threats (befriending) |
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Definition
| The perception that others are responsive and receptive to one's needs |
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