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| The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events |
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| A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events |
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| Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory |
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| The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant). |
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| The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates |
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| The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable |
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| The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. |
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| Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants |
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| An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
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| The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. |
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| A person’s answers to the question, “Who am I?” |
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| Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information |
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| The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself |
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| The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
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| Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. |
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| Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
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| The tendency to perceive oneself favorably. |
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| The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors. |
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| The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors. |
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| A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one’s sense of self-worth. A bombardier might feel high this and low self-esteem. |
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| The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces |
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| The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior. |
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