Term
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Definition
| People matched their answers to conform to the group, despite them being incorrect. Auto Kinetic Effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The order in which a list of words is presented changes peoples' impression of the person described in the list. Silly, intelligent, rigid vs. Rigid, intelligent, silly. Impression Formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large group of people witnessed a murder and no one did anything. Everyone expects someone else to step up. Bystander Effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Psychology is the scientific study of how we are influenced by, relate to, and think about one another. |
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Term
| Social Psychology vs. Sociology |
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Definition
Social Psychology: Lab studies, individuals
Sociology: Field studies, populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying peoples' behavior in their natural context. Focused on what people really do as opposed to what they can do. |
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Term
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Definition
| The results of your research are valid in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
Results need to be collected randomly so there is no bias.
Sample of people that are surveyed must be representative. |
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Term
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Definition
| Displays the linear relationship between two variables (entities or things that can take on different numeric or quantitative values). Vary between -1.0 and 1.0 |
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Term
| Positive (direct) Linear Correlation |
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Definition
| As one variable increases, so does the other |
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Term
| Negative (indirect) Linear Correlation |
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Definition
| As one variable increases, the other decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| The two variables are not correlated, they are independent |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of two types of variables, the independent and the dependent variable |
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Term
| James' definition of the "self" |
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Definition
| The self can be treated both as the object of experience as well as the agent doing the experiencing |
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Term
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Definition
Experienced
Perceived
Me
Reflexive Self : I'm in pain, I feet it, and then I can think about it
Properties |
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Term
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Definition
Experiencer
Perceiver
I
Awareness of the properties |
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Term
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Definition
Contains those things that we call part of ourselves that are observable tangible objects
Body
Relations
Possessions |
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Term
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Definition
Psychological and Mental States: Thoughts, feelings, memories, traits, personality
Non material aspects of the self
Theory of Mind (TOM): Ability to look at another person, and not just see them as a physical being, but also perceiving their spiritual self. Infer mental states through physical behavior. Allows for predictability. |
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Term
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Definition
| We have as many senses of self as we have people with whom we interact |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasis on behaviorism and they believed that the only tings that mattered were the things that you could measure. The black box (the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
Links the self with the social world.
Without others with whom we interact there would be no sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Looking Glass Self: When you empathize with another person, you see yourself how someone else would see you. You incorporate that view into your view of yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
Tested the theories of symbolic interactionism using the hypothesis: No interaction with other people will result in no sense of self.
Chimps raised in isolation, others raised in groups.
Chimps raised in isolation didn't know to rub the paint of their brow when placed in front of a mirror (no sense of self). |
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Term
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Definition
Situational Attribution: If context can explain behavior, we attribute our behavior to the context.
Dispositional Attribution: If context cannot explain behavior, then we attribute our behavior to the person (self). |
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Term
| Festinger and Carlsmith Study |
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Definition
Insufficient Reward
The people that got paid $1 to say the test was fun rated their experience of the test as more fun than the people that got paid $20. Displays self-perception theory. |
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Term
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Definition
Kids in the nursery get reward for coloring, when reward is taken away kids stop coloring as much.
This theory is called undermining intrinsic motivation.
Example of self perception theory in the realm of thoughts and beliefs |
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Term
| Self Perception Theory in the realm of emotions |
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Definition
My heart skipped a beat when I saw the man of my dreams.
Emotion=physiological behavior causes cognition
I saw the man of my dreams and my heart skipped a beat.
Emotion=cognition causes physiological behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Bodily changes follow directly from the perception of an exciting fact and those changes as they take place are our emotions.
Physiological behaviors are our emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
If I can simulate your physiological state I can cause emotion.
Injected mental patients with adrenaline.
He inferred that feeling and emotion require both physiological response and context. |
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Term
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Definition
| If no physiological response, then no emotion: Showed quadriplegics images of exciting things. Monitored their physiological response and found that they were responding strongly to the exciting images despite the fact that they consciously perceive their physiological changes proving that they have emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
Two Factor Theory (Cognitive Labeling Theory): An emotional experience requires both a physiological state of arousal and a cognitive context within which to interpret that arousal (there can be no emotional experience if either the physiology or the context is absent)
Emotional plasticity theory
Dual process theory |
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Term
| Schachter and Singer's Cognitive Labeling Study |
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Definition
| Injected subjects with epinephrine and surveyed their level of euphoria. Informed group, uniformed group, and misinformed group. Some groups had angry confederates present. |
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Term
| Nisbett and Storm Insomnia Study |
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Definition
| Gave all insomniacs placebo, but told one group pill would cause anxiety...that group fell asleep quicker. |
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Term
| Self Awareness Theory: Duvall and Wicklund |
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Definition
A discrepancy between the actual and the ideal is only negative if you're aware of it.
You're only bothered and motivated to change when your attention is directed inwardly. |
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Term
| Diner, et al. Halloween Study |
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Definition
| Kids followed the one candy rule when a mirror was put in front of them. |
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Term
| Duvall and Wicklund Bogus I.Q. Study |
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Definition
| College students given crazy I.Q. test. Students that were told they scored in the bottom 10% and were in the self aware room (mirrors, cameras) left the fastest when given the option to leave or wait for the experimenter to return and discuss results. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave high self-conscious subjects and low self-conscious subjects bogus I.Q. test. The high self-conscious subjects that were told they performed poorly consumed more alcoholic drinks after the test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beneffectance: People like to see themselves as the origin of the good things that happen in their lives but are reluctant to see themselves as the origin of bad things that happen to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking credit fot eh good things that happen to groups one identifies with, but distancing oneself from bad things that happen to these same groups. Your college team wins a game: "we won". Your college team loses a game: "they lost". |
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Term
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Definition
| Told they were working in "two-person" teams when in actuality it was just them working on problems. When told their team did good they attributed it to their intelligence and skill. When told their team did bad they attributed it to their partner's lack of intelligence and skill. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of setting up excuses for our behavior-especially when we are not confident in the outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects given a bogus intelligence test. Subjects that were given an almost impossible test to solve but were told they did great on it chose to take a drug that impairs intelligence for their next test as opposed to the drug that improves intelligence. Example of self-handicapping. |
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Term
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Definition
| The processes by which we attempt to understand the causes of the behavior of others |
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Term
| Heider's Naive Psychologist |
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Definition
| Everyone tries to understand the causes of behavior by engaging in a rational, scientific, analysis of the potential causes of behavior |
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Term
| Dispositional Attribution |
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Definition
| When we believe a person's behavior is due to his or her characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| We believe a person's behavior is due to circumstances |
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Term
| Jones and Davis' Correspondent Inference Theory |
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Definition
We are more likely to make a dispositional attribution for a behavior when we believe the behavior was freely chosen.
Castro Study: subjects rated the people who had a choice and wrote a pro Castro essay as having the greatest positive feelings towards Castro. |
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Term
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Definition
We are more likely to make a dispositional attribution when a behavior is socially undesirable
Sales clerk behaving rudely is a rude person but a sales clerk behaving politely isn't necessarily a polite person |
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Term
| Kelley's Covariation Model |
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Definition
How do I attribute the causes of peoples' behavior
Kelley says there are three variables that we have to simultaneously take into account to understand this
Distinctiveness: Does she behave this was to all similar objects?
Consensus: What do other people think of the object?
Consistency: If you ask her on multiple occasions, does she react the same way over time?
We can attribute these behaviors to the
Person
Object
Situation |
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Term
| Heuristics: Ross's Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| When we see another person behave, we attribute it to them (the person) |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain situational circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface but that can have great consequences for behavior, either facilitating or blocking it or guiding behavior in a particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal factors, such as beliefs, values, personality traits, or abilities, that guide a person's behavior |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, together with the tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpretation and inference abou the stimuli or situations we confront |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the German word, Gestalt, meaning "form" or "figure", this approach stresses the fact that objects are perceived not by means of some automatic registering device but by active, usually unconscious, interpretation of what the object represents as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation involving payoffs to two people in which trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and defection. The game gets its name from the dilemma that would confront two criminals who were involved in a crime together and are being held and questioned separately. Each must decide whether to "cooperate" and stick with a prearranged alibi or "defect" and confess to the crime in the hope of lenient treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized knowledge about the physical and social world and how to behave in particular situations and with different kinds of people |
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Term
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Definition
| Schemas that we have for people of various kinds that can be applied to judgements about people and decisions about how to interact with them |
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Term
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Definition
| An evolutionary process that molds animals and plants such that traits that enhance to probability of survival and reproduction are passed on to subsequent generations |
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Term
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Definition
| The understanding that other people have beliefs and desires |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolutionary principle that costs and benefits are associated with reproduction and nurturing of offspring. Because these costs and benefits are different for males and females, one sex will normally value and invest more in each child than with the other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| The claim that the way things are is the way they should be |
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Term
| Independent Cultures (Individualistic) |
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Definition
| Cultures in which people tend to think of themselves as distinct social entities, tied to each other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships but essentially separate from other people and having attributes that exist in the absence of any connections to others |
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Term
| Independent (Collectivistic) Cultures |
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Definition
| Cultures in which people tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricably tied to others in their group and having relatively individual freedom or personal control over their lives but not necessarily wanting or needing these things |
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Term
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Definition
| Peoples' tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| Research in which there is not random assignment to different situations, or conditions, and from which psychologists can just see whether or not there is a relationship between the variables |
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Term
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Definition
| In social psychology, research in which people are randomly assigned to different conditions, or situations, and from which it is possible to make very strong inferences about how these different conditions effect peoples' behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Study conducted over a long period of time with the same population which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The problem that arises when the participant, rather than the investigator, selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of a relationship difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated and that is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated) and that is hypothesized to be effected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Assigning participants in experimental research to different groups randomly, such that they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental setup that closely resembles real life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Experiment setup in the real world, usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimental research, confidence that it is the manipulated variable only that could have produced the results |
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Term
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Definition
| In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants straight forwardly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so forth. In later versions, debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Review Board: A university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research |
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Term
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Definition
| Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) that psychologists believe are the basic building blocks of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle that maintains that siblings develop into quite different people so that they can peacefully occupy different niches within the family environment |
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Term
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Definition
| In interdependent cultures, the social relationships you have with other people are crucial in determining how you behave toward them. |
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Term
| Distinctiveness Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that we identify what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is integrated into our self-knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge-based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others' views about the self |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to judge other peoples' personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to our own personality |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensitivity to positive outcomes, approach-related behavior, cheerful emotions that result if we are living up to our ideals and aspirations |
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Term
| Contingencies of Self-Worth |
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Definition
| An account of self-esteem maintaining that self-esteem is contingent on success and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis that maintains that self-esteem is an internal subjective index or marker of the extent to which we are included or looked on favorably by others |
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Term
| Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model |
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Definition
| A model that maintains that we are motivated to view ourselves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes, reflection and social comparison. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that holds that we strive for stable accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give us a sense of coherence |
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Term
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Definition
| Customary facial expressions, posture, gait, clothes, hair cuts, and body decorations, which signal to others important facets of our identity and by implication how we are to be treated and construed by others |
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Term
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Definition
| An umbrella term used to describe the set of theoretical accounts of how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that people's causal assessments have |
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Term
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Definition
| Linking an instance of behavior to a cause, whether the behavior is our own or someone else's. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that we should attribute behavior to potential causes that co-occur with the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be |
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Term
| Interpersonal Simulations |
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Definition
| Experiments in which an observer-participant is given a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment, is told how a participant behaved in that situation, and is asked to predict the attitude of that participant |
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Term
| System Justification Theory |
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Definition
| The theory that people are motivated to see the existing political and social status quo as desirable fair and legitimate |
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Term
| Terror Management Theory (TMT) |
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Definition
| The theory that people deal with the potentially paralyzing anxiety that comes with the knowledge of the inevitability of death by striving for symbolic immortality through the preservation of a valued world view and the conviction that one has lived up to its values and prescriptions |
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