Term
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Definition
| two or more individuals that influence each other |
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Term
| Characteristics of RealGroups |
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Definition
Interdependent
Share a common identity
Group structure (roles, communication networks) |
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Term
| Social Facilitation Theory |
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Definition
1.Presence of others
2. This causes arousal
3. Dominant response (if the task if well practiced, you will be more successful. If it is novel, you will perform worse.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Artificial groups created to explore prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination |
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Term
| Sherif's Robber's Cave Experiment |
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Definition
1. Boys in different groups dislike each other
2. They teased and pulled pranks on each other.
3. They liked each other after they had to work together to achieve a common goal. |
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Term
| When will just contact help groups? |
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Definition
1. Outgroup members have traits and abilities challenged by negative stereotypes
2. Contact is supported by local authorities and norms
3. Groups are of equal status
4. Contact is at an individual level
5. Contact is rewarding
6. Groups are working towards common goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing one's efforts while in a group. |
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Term
| When do people loaf less in groups? |
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Definition
1. Personal efforts are identifiable
2. The task is meaningful and important
3. Group members are friends
4. Group members are collectivist |
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Term
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Definition
| Group discussion leads members to make decisions more extremely on the side of the issue that the group initially favored |
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Term
| Persuasive Arguments in Group Polarization |
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Definition
| with even a slight bias, you'll hear more favorable arguments for that side |
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Term
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Definition
| When the group is leading toward one direction, members may seek acceptance by moving further in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
A style of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among group members to get along and agree than to generate and critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and positions.
Can cause groups to lose benefit of group discussion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of losing sense of one's personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's values. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking of someone as less than a person |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking of a non-person as a person (dog) |
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Term
| Social Facilitation Research |
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Definition
Bike racers had better times when they rode close to other individuals
Professional pool players did the same |
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Term
| Dynamical Processes and Group Norms |
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Definition
Computers can generate how people's opinions are influenced by the people in proximity to them.
Experiment with college houses showed how different dorms had the same opinions as a whole after just a few weeks. |
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Term
| Factors Contributing to Social Loafing |
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Definition
1. When individual contributions can't be evaluated
2. Their contributions are unidentifiable
3. There are many people in the group |
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Term
| Ethnically Diverse Groups |
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Definition
| Will be less productive at first, but if the group overcomes misunderstandings. They also need sufficient motivation and opportunity. |
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Term
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Definition
A group memory made up of
(1) the knowledge contained by group members and
(2) a communication network for sharing this knowledge among members |
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Term
| When do people seek answers from groups? |
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Definition
When the circumstances are uncertain
When they have a need for more knowledge |
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Term
| Factors in Group Polarization |
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Definition
Members of groups are likely to hear more arguments favoring the group inclination than arguments opposing it.
Discussion illuminates the group norm. |
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Term
| Minorities and Group Opinion |
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Definition
1. They must hold steady to their views
2. They hold (or once held) the majority position
3. They're willing to compromise
4. They have at least some support from others
5. They present their views as compatible with the majorities but just more progressive
6. The audience wants to make an accurate decision |
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Term
| Factors leading to Groupthink |
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Definition
1. A group that has directive leadership, isolation from outside influences, unsystematic procedures for making decisions
2. The group leader reveals their own views at the beginning of the discussion
3. Strong pressure to agree with one another
4. Leaders get overconfident and believe everyone agrees with them |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions intended to benefit another person |
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Term
| Goals of Prosocial Behavior |
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Definition
1. To gain genetic and material benefits
2. To gain social status and approval
3. To manage self image
4. To manage moods and emotions
5. Pure altruism? |
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Term
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Definition
the survival of one's genes in one's own offspring and in any relative one helps
We should be more willing to risk our own survival to help copy our genes
We are more likely to help the relatives closest to us |
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Term
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Definition
| helping that occurs in return for prior help. It is mutual and cooperative. |
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Term
| Research on Twins and Prosocial Behavior |
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Definition
| Identical twins help each other more than unidentical twins. |
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Term
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Definition
People can be educated to believe that prosocial behavior is, or is not, personally prudent
In classical economic theory, the basic assumption is that people will neglect or exploit others to maximize their own outcomes |
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Term
| An expanded sense of "We" |
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Definition
Develops in the home before a person encounters a college curriculum. It involve genetic material rather than belief.
Collectivistic culture have a less broad sense of "we". |
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Term
| Similarity and Familiarity |
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Definition
| People are motivated to help people they are both similar to and familiar with. |
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Term
| Social Responsibility Norm |
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Definition
| Societal rule that people should help those who need them to help. |
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Term
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Definition
| If we help others, we feel better about ourselves for being "good people" |
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Term
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Definition
| If you think of yourself as a generous person, you might help needy people once in a while to be more confident in this |
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Term
| The Arousal/Cost-Reward Model |
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Definition
We help to reduce the unpleasant arousal that we feel when observing substantial suffering or need.
This is stronger when the arousal is strong, when there is a "we" connection between the victim and helper.
When reducing the arousal through helping involves small costs and large rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present |
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Term
| The Murder of Catherine Genovese |
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Definition
| 38 people witnessed her being murdered outside her apartment, no one called the police or came to help her. |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility by putting it among all other group members |
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Term
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Definition
| The mistaken impression on the part of group members that, because no one else is acting concerned, there is no cause for alarm. |
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Term
| Study on Pluralistic Ignorance |
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Definition
Researchers pumped smoke into a lab while students filled out a questionnaire.
When students were alone, they reported the smoke 75% of the time.
When students were in groups of three, the smoke was reported 38% of the time.
When researchers were in the room with the students, smoke was reported 10% of the time. |
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Term
| Bystanders as Sources of Approval or Disapproval |
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Definition
People assume help would be seen as an unwelcome intrusion.
People are more likely to help if the victim clearly does not know her attacker than if the attacker is her husband. They do not want to disrupt the couple. |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior intended to help another for no external benefit to self. (but still may be for internal benefits) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior intended to help another for no external OR internal benefits to self. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of mentally putting oneself in another's position |
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Term
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Definition
| Compassionate feelings caused by taking the perspective of a needy other. |
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Term
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Definition
Students were given the opportunity to help a suffering student by taking her place in an electric shock experiment.
Half could easily escape the situation all together.
The other half would have to stay and continue to watch her.
Students who could escape usually left, but if they felt high empathy they would take her place. |
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Term
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Definition
Batson argues that empathy engages pure altruism and overrides selfish motivations.
Cialdini argues that empathy causes an observer to feel kinship with the victim, tapping into a basic selfish motivation (serving myself by serving those who share my genes). |
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Term
| Males vs. Females in Helping Behaviors |
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Definition
Males are less likely to seek assistance, they are more likely to believe they do not need assistance.
They want to be in control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Destroying one's property to achieve higher social status. (Kwakitul Indians) |
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Term
| Personal Norms and Religious Codes |
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Definition
Self images are sometimes influenced by the characteristics of the groups to which we belong.
I.e. religious groups |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses more on action than thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought and actions are the same |
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Term
| Experiments Jewish and Christian morality |
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Definition
1. A man who doesn't like his parents, but acts like he does, is good according to Jews, but not to Christians.
2. A married man who thinks about an affair is more immoral to Christians than Jews.
3. Same for poisoning a dog. |
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Term
| Are thoughts likely to be acted on? |
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Definition
Christians think they are, and think that thoughts are as bad as actions.
Jews dont. |
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Term
| Signs that studies are conclusive |
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Definition
| When multiple studies converge or triangulate towards a conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causal process of how one variable affects another. |
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Term
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Definition
complete unawareness of other cultures
leads to attributing ignorance and bad attentions to the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of ethnic, religious, racial or national differences, along with conviction one's own way is "right" |
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Term
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Definition
awareness and appreciation of differences, still feeling one's won way is more "realistic"
leads to trying to "educate" or "develop" the other side |
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Term
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Definition
awareness of other cultures with focus on similarities across cultures
may lead to ignoring important differences relevant to negotiation |
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Term
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Definition
| realization that one's own way is only one of many, and others are not abnormal in anyway |
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Term
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Definition
Temptations are seen as natural and not morally important.
Having a temptation and over-riding it is seen as especially moral.
You are supposed to want to sin, but being able to withstand it so that you an develop willpower. |
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Term
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Definition
Forgiveness is a central theme.
God is forgiving, but also just.
Some offenses are unforgivable.
Forgiveness requires atonement and restitution. |
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Term
| Forgiveness in Christianity |
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Definition
Forgiveness is at the religious, theological and ethical core of Christianity.
There are few, if any, unforgivable offenses.
As Christians become more closely tied to their religion, they become more forgiving. |
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Term
| Plagiarism vs. Holocaust Experiment |
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Definition
Jews were less forgiving than Christians were in both situations.
People do not have the right to forgive offenses that were not committed against them personally.
Freely estimating the direct effect of religious culture on forgiveness did not improve the fit of the model, suggesting full mediation. |
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