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| branch of psychology that seeks an understanding of how people affect and are affected by others |
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| theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior in terms of learning principles, without reference to inner states, thoughts, or feelings |
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| theoretical approach that seeks to explain behavior by looking at the deep unconscious forces inside the person |
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Affect (how people feel inside) Behavior (what people do)
Cognition (what people think about`) |
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| the study of human culture -- the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people |
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| the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and the study of money |
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| the study of political organizations and institutions, especially governments |
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| the study of human societies and the groups that form these societies |
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| the study of human behavior |
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| biological psychology (physiological psychology, neuroscience) |
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| the study of what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other aspects of the body |
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| branch of psychology that focuses on behavior disorders and other forms of mental illness, and how to treat them |
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| the study of thought processes, such as how memory works and what people notice |
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| the study of how people change across their lives, from conception and birth to old age and death |
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| the branch of psychology that focues on important differences between individuals |
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| "love of wisdom"; the pursuit of knowledge about fundamental matters such as life, death, meaning, reality, and truth |
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| research that focuses on solving particular, practical problems |
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| an experiment in which each participant is exposed to all levels of the independent variable |
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| an experiment in which each participant is exposed to only one level of the independent variable |
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| an idea about the possible nature of reality; a prediction tested in an experiment |
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| unobservable constructs that are linked together in some logical way |
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| the variable manipulated by the researcher that is assumed to lead to changes in the dependent variable |
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| the variable in a study that represents the result of the events and processes |
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| observable options, procedures, and measurements that are based on the independent and dependent variables |
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| a research assistant pretending to be another participant in a study |
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| procedure whereby each study participant has an equal chance of being in each treatment group |
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| construct validity of the cause |
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| the extent to which the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus |
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| construct validity of the effect |
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| the extent to which the dependent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical response |
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| a study in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable and randomly assigns people to groups (levels of the independent variable) |
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| a type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an independent variable but cannot use random assignment |
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| the extent to which changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable |
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| occurs when the effects of two variable cannot be separated |
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| an experiment that includes more than one independent variable or factor |
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| the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, ignoring the effects of other independent variables |
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| refers to the joint effects of more than one independent variable on the dependent variable |
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| an unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom |
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| an experiment conducted in a real world setting |
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| the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget they are in an experiment |
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| the extent to which the setting of an experiment physically resembles the real world |
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| the extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people, other settings, and other time periods |
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| a nonexperimental method in which the researcher merely observes whether variables are associated or related |
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| the relationship or association between two variables |
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| correlation coefficient (r) |
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| the statistical relationship or association between two variables |
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| a quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results (ef correlation coefficients) from all studies conducted on topic |
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| repeating a study to be sure results can be obtains |
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| a broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other sychological processes |
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| the physical world around us, including its laws and processes |
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| a theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how change occurs in nature |
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| the process whereby those members of a species that survive and reproduce most effectively are the ones that pass along their genes to future generations |
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| producing babies that survive long enough to also reproduce |
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| a new gene or combination of genes |
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| animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work, and play with other members of their species |
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| the view that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture |
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| practical way of doing things |
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| an information-based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things |
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| a choice in which taking or maximizing one benifit requires either accepting a cost or sacrificing another benefit |
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| self-knowledge (self concept) |
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| a set of beliefs about oneself |
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| interpersonal self (public self) |
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| the image of the self that is conveyed to others |
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| agent self (executive function) |
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| the part of the self involved in control, including both control other other people and self-control |
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| a person's inner thoughts and feelings |
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| the way a person acts in public, especially in official roles |
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| independent self-construal |
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| a self concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others |
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| interdependent self-construal |
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| a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups |
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| the different roles a person plays, as in a play or a movie |
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| attention directed at the self |
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| looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits |
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| looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate |
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| ideas (concepts) of how things might possibly be |
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| public self-consciousness |
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| thinking about how others percieve you |
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| the process people use to control and change their thoughs, feelings, and behaviors |
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| the idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others |
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| a combination of other people's views that tells you who you are and what you are |
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| the process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states |
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| examining the difference between onself and another person |
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| comparing yourself to people better than you |
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| downward social comparison |
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| comparing yourself to people worse off than you |
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| the theory that people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling |
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| phenomenal self (working self-concept) |
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| the image of self that is currently active in the person's thoughts |
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| wanting to perform an activity for its own sake |
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| performing an activity because of something that results from it |
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| the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards |
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| the simple desire to learn the truth about onself, whatever it is |
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| the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self |
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| a desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or himself |
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| putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of on lack of ability |
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| response by the automatic system that "everything good is me, and everything bad is not me" |
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| the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better, than other information |
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| the finding that items gain in value to the person who owns them |
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| how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself |
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| trying to avoid loss of esteem |
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| self-deception strategies |
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| mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false |
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| a pattern in which people claim credit for success but deny blame for failure |
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| a measure of how desirable one would be to other people |
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| excessive self-love and a selfish orientation |
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| any behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some information about the self to other people |
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| a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships |
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| a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking |
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| a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color) |
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| in the Stroop test, the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color |
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| organized packets of information that are stored in memory |
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| knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationship to other concepts |
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| knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior |
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| planting or activating an idea in someone's mind |
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| whether messages stress potential gains (positively framed) or potential losses (negatively framed) |
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| focuses on the positive, such as how your teeth will be stronger and healthier if you brush and floss them everyday |
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| focuses on the negative, such as the potential for getting cavities if you do not brush and floss your teeth everyday |
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| the "what the heck" effect that occurs when people indulge in a behavior they are trying to regulate after an initial regulation failure |
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| the casual explanations people give for their own and others' behaviors, and for events in general |
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| the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure |
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| the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions |
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| fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) |
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| the tendency for observers to attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes |
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| ultimate attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers to make internal attributions (fundamental attribution error) about whole groups of people |
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| for something to be the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior does not occur |
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| in attribution theory, whether the person typically behaves this way in this situation |
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| in attribution theory, whether the person typically behaves this way in this situation |
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| in attribution theory, whether the person would behave differently in a different situation |
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| an attribution theory that uses three types of information: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness |
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| mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case |
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| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which releveant instances come to mind |
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| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) it |
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| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting poing (called an anchor) and then making adjustments up or down |
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| having too much information to comprehend or integrate |
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| the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore information that diconfirms one's beliefs |
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| the tendency to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because it is joined with elements that seem similar to events that are likely |
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| the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all |
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| one-shot illusory correlation |
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| an illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behavior performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group |
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| the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged |
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