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| consistent ways that people think, feel, and act across classes of situations |
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| five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) that psychologists believe are the building blocks of personality |
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| the degree to which traits or physical characteristics are determined by genes and hence inherited from parents |
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| twins who originate from a single fertilized egg that splits into two exact replicas that then develop into two genetically identical individuals |
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| twins who originate from two different eggs fertilized by different sperms cells; like ordinary siblings, they share on average half of their genes |
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| a principle that maintains that siblings develop into quite different people so that they can peacefully occupy different niches within the family environment |
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| distinctiveness hypothesis |
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| the hypothesis that we identify what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition |
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| the hypothesis that we compare ourselves to other people in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities, and internal states |
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| beliefs about our own personality traits, abilities, attributes, preferences, tastes, and talents |
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| beliefs about the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups |
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| beliefs about our identities in specific relationships |
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| our identity and beliefs as they relate to the social categories to which we beling |
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| the tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is integrated into out self-knowledge |
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| knowledge-based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others' views about the self |
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| the tendency to judge other people's personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to our own personality |
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| hypothetical selves we aspire to be in the future |
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| a theory that appropriate behavior is motivated by cultural and moral standards regarding the ideal self and the ought self. Violations of those standards produce emotions such as guilt and shame |
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| the self we truly believe ourselves to be |
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| the self the embodies the wishes and aspirations we and other people maintain about us |
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| a sensitivity to positive outcomes, approach-related behavior, and cheerful emotions that result if we are living up to out ideals and aspirations |
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| the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands we feel we are compelled to honor |
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| a sensitivity to negative outcomes often motivated by a desire to live up to our ought self and to avoid the guilt or anxiety that results when we fail to live up to our sense of what we ought to do |
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| a state produced by acts of self-control, where we don't have the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self-control |
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| the positive or negative overall evaluation that we have of ourselves |
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| the enduring level of confidence and regard that people have for their defining abilities and characteristics across time |
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| the dynamic, changeable self-evaluations that are experienced as momentary feelings about the self |
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| contingencies of self-worth |
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| an account of self-esteem maintaining that self-esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth |
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| the tendency to define the self in terms of many domains and attributes |
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| a hypothesis that maintain that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent t which we are included or looked on favorably by others |
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| self-evaluation maintenance model |
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| a model that maintains that we are motivated to view ourse3lves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes; reflection and social comparison |
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| a theory that holds that we strive for stable, accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give us a sense of coherence |
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| customary facial expressions, posture, gait, clothes, haircuts, and body decoration, which signal to others important facets of our identity and, by implication, how we are to be treated and construed by others |
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| presenting who we would like other to believe we are |
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| attempting to control the beliefs other people have of us |
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| who we want others to think we are |
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| public self-consciousness |
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| our awareness of what other people think about us-our public identity |
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| private self-consciousness |
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| our awareness of our interior lives-our private thoughts, feelings, and sensations |
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| private self-consciousness |
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| our awareness of our interior lives-our private thoughts, feelings, and sensations in such a way that it fits the demands of the current situation |
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| the tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviors in order to prevent others from drawing unwanted attributions about the self as a result of poor performance |
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| the statements we make that we intend to be taken literally |
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| indirect and ambiguous communication that allows us to hint at ideas and meanings that are not explicit in the words we utter |
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