against a social norm [domestic violence]

anti-social aggression results form attack or frustration; frustration can lead to anger and anger can lead to aggression.

permitted, but not normative [women and pepperspray]

"everyone is out to get me" 

_{leads to chronic aggression}

learned during childhood. 

_{parents may enforce through praise for aggression, or through physical punishment.} 

is it a source of learned aggression? 

_{some say: violent media teaches aggression} 

_{some say: aggressive people seek out violent media}

media violence affects: 

• people who have difficulty separating reality and fantasy 
• people with high levels of frustration and anger  

aggression towards a target other than the one that has attacked or frustrated you

• can explain domestic violence, child abuse, animal cruelty
• target it weak

decline in self-esteem, chronic anxiety, sleep and eating disorders 

_{some evidence that women are physically abusive are more often hurt than a man}

...can have physiological dvlmptal problems:

• _hormones 
• _{onset of puberty} 
• _{sterility, obesity}  

social physiological influences on health 

social factors are the primal influence on health 

• sometimes obvious symptoms
• often, physical symptoms
• then, social factors come into play

people maintain schema's for illnesses 

• flu= throw up, fever, headache (flu viruses rarely make it to the digestive tract)
•  distorted schema- improper self-treatment

people who are secure and satisfied are healthier than people who are insecure and dissatisfied 

1. workers who are laid off have major health problems.
2. AND workers threatened with layoff are just as bad. 

• primary emphasis on cardiovascular health 
• Two aspects: 

• Blood Pressure: systolic/diastolic pressure 120/80
• systolic pressure- on arterial walls when heart contracts.
• diastolic pressure- on arterial walls when heart expands.
• high blood pressure= high diastolic # (90 or higher)

• trait hostility/ anger expression
• conflict- relationship positivity/negativity, marital strain. 
• desired vs. actual amount of interpersonal contact.
• perceived status with in social groups.

1. health values
2. belief that threat is severe
3. personal vulnerability 
4. self-efficacy for behavior change
5. perceived behavior-outcome

• low SES people lack basic info about health issues
• do not know-->what cholesterol is, why you should brush your teeth, etc. 

• poor access to healthcare
• fresh foods generally unavailable 
• emphasis food quantity over quality
• need for fullness + little money= buy crappy food.

Personality characteristics: 

_{high need for control}

_{sensitive to time pressure}

_{treat most interactions as competitions} 

@ risk for: 

_{heart attack, stroke, digestive problem, ulcers, divorce loss of friends.} 

• before treatment: anxiety, depression, fear, loss of control, lack of reciprocity, loss of social network.
• after successful treatment: self-confidence, empathy, optimism, engagements with others. 

eyewitness testimony

perception of defendants

jury processes 

highly credible with jurors

BUT filled with errors & re-constructive errors.

weapon focus

hard to fit crime into schema

distort event to fit schema

distortions become incorporated into memory

leading questions can further distort

1. how fast were the cars going when they hit?
2. how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? 

• may fill in gaps from forgetting 
• maybe because people have hard time remembering where they got info from
• may replace original info 

remember own race suspects more accurately than other race suspects.

especially strong in whites 

tendency to focus on the weapon when witnessing a violent crime 

_{ignore the details}

_{strongest when weapon is inconsistent with situation} 

_{could be because weapon is so unusual- draws attention} 

_{could be that situation induces anxiety and arousal which inhibit meaning}

well dressed man

plainly dressed woman 

defendant with many dependants 

older defendant 

less likely to convict, or favor strong punishment 

believe physical characteristics indicate criminality

better to free the guilty than convict the innocent 

_{begin with belief defendant is innocent} 

_{pretrial publicity usually reverses bias} 

_{BUT, defendant is in court for multiple things must be guilty of something}

_{defendant who uses character witness}