The three major goals of pyschology

understanding behavior

predicting behavior

ability to change behavior

Who thought that the mind is separate from the body and continues after death?

(Knowledge is innate and logic is what drives truth)

Who thought that knowledge grows from experience, while empiricism is essential to knowledge?

(student of Plato)

What does "Tabula Rasa" mean?

(John Locke believe in this)

Who had the first psychology lab and testing apparatus?

(Dec. 1879 in Leipzig, Germany)

What "movement" or term took place from 1908 to 1920 that said instinct drives behavior?

(Stimuli--> ?? --> Response)

Indistinct theories

(love is the primary drive)

What "movement" or term took place from 1920 to 1950 that said stimuli drives behavior?

(Stimuli--> Nothing --> Response)

Empiricism

(people are passive)

What "movement" or term took place from 1950 to 1980 that said people have information processing?

(Stimuli--> Thought --> Response)

Phenomenalism

(people are computers)

What "movement" or term took place from 1980 to the present that said people are both rational and irrational, integrates theory and research, and interaction between thoughts and feelings?

perspectives

Basic Research

Applied Research

Clinical

Psychiatric

Studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

(administer and interpret personality tests, provide therapy, manage mental health programs, etc.)

What is social psychology?

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

What are the major areas of emphasis of social psychology?

power of the situation

power of the person

power of cognition oabout the person or situation

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of the situation on others' behaviors.

With the Fundamental Attribution Error, what is the internal attribution?

With the Fundamental Attribution Error, what is the external attribution?

When observing, our attention is on the person.

When doing, our attention is on the environment.

What is Self-Serving Bias?

What are the three components of attitudes?

Affective-you feel positive or negative

Behavioral-you do something

Cognitive-you have specific beliefs about it

When a person's thoughts or actions are inconsistent, he/she will want to reduce tension between them.

(Example, you are on a diet but eat a dozen cookies, so you think, "Well it's not so bad, they were lowfat.")

Generate new thoughts

Change previous beliefs

Engage in trivialization

They compared lines to the standard line (perceptual test of line lengths). There was 1 participant and 6 confederates. Confederates start out saying the correct line. 76% conformed at least once. They all agreed with errors 37% of the time.

(similar to color study during class)

Rules that tell us how we should behave in specific situations

(most obey, those who don't are subject to social sanctions)

Descriptive

Injunctive

Situational

What people ought to do

(Ex: people shouldn't litter)

What most people do

(Ex: trash on the highway)

What people do in specific situations.

(Ex: lower voice in a library)

To like and admire a group and feel ties to them.

He studied people whose job success depended on their ability to say yes.

(Lowball technique, Foot-in-the-door technique)

After gaining someone's agreement to an offer, the offer is changed to make it less attractive.

(Ex: moving)

When you get someone to comply with a small request, then escalate to a larger one

(Ex: house siding)

The mere presence of others.

When you perform differently with people around.

When you do less work in a group.

(Ex: group projects at school)

When you have less restraint in a group.

(Ex: streaking, KKK)

Things you wouldn't normally do alone. The KKK allows more freedom while there because no one can see who you are.

Group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus.

(Direct leadership, similar backgrounds, cohesiveness, isolation)

Complaince with direct orders from someone in authority to behave in a specific way

(less common than conformity or compliance)

65% obeyed until the very end at 450 volts.

100% obeyed until 100 volts.

the environment

what we can see

The physical closeness between two individuals

(less distance means a higher probability of meeting)

Repeated mere exposure (Zajone, 1968)

-positive, neutral, or mildly negative stimuli

-likely innate

-familiarity increases-positive affect

first impressions: instant likes or dislikes;

related to our schemas

Females: reproductive investment large

Males: reproductive investment small

-evolutionary perspective

-men prefer a specific hip-to-waist ratio

-0.7

During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes______, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes______.

a. conscious processes; observable responses
 b. unconscious processes; conscious processes

c. overt behaviors; covert behaviors
d. environmental influences; genetic influences

Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of conformity?

a. The group had 3 or more people.
b. The group had high status.
c. Individuals were made to feel insecure.
d. All of these situations increased conformity.

Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by:

a. attribution theory.
b. cognitive dissonance theory.

c. reward theory.
d. evoloutionary psychology.

To say that 'psychology is a science' means that:

a. psychologists study only observable behaviors.
b. psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigourous analysis.
c. it has ties only to the biological sciences.
d. all of these answers are true

How did the views of Socrates and Plato differ fromt the view of Aristotle?

Describe the “birth” of psychology, including the first psychological laboratory.  What was the focus of psychological research at that time?

Wilhelm Wundt had the first psychology lab and testing apparatus. He was interested in "atoms of the mind."

He was testing the time lag between people's hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key.

People responded 1/10 of a second.