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| The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psuchological bases of social and emotional behaviors |
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| The enduring ideas, atttitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| socially shared beliefs-widely held ideas and values including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world |
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| the tendency to exxaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have forseen how something turned out. also known as the "I knew it all along" phenomenon |
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| an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. |
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| a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between two events. |
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| reasearch done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory |
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| the study of the naturally occuring relationships among variables |
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| studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variable) while controlling others (holding them constant) |
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| survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions |
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| the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates |
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| the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable |
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| degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations |
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| degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants |
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| cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected |
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| the belief that others are paying mor attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are |
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| the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others |
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| a person's answers to the question "who am I"? |
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| beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information |
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| the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself |
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| images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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| evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others |
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| construing one's identity in relation to others |
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| overestimating the enduring impact of emotion causing events |
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| the human tendency to neglect the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system", which enables emotional recovery and resiliance after bad things happen |
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| differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same subject. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits |
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| a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth |
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| a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem |
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| the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controlled by their own efforts and actions (internal), or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces |
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| the helplessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events |
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| the tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
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| self-serving attributions |
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| a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors |
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| the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action |
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| the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors |
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| the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors |
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| explaining away outgroup memebers positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions |
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| the act of expressing oneself and behaving oin ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals |
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| being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression |
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| activating particular associations in memory |
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| persistance of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives |
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| incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it |
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| "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious |
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| "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition" |
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| overconfidence phenomenon |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs |
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| a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
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| a thinknig strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member |
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| a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace |
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| imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't |
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| perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists |
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| perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are |
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| regression toward the average |
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| the statistival tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average |
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| mistakingly attributing a behavior to the wrong source |
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| the theory of how people explain others behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations |
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| dispositional attribution |
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| attributing ones behavior to the person's disposition and traits |
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| attributing behavior to the environment |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behavior |
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| a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions |
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| a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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| a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations |
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| recall events in light of how you feel at the time of recall; for example may recall an event as more positive if recalled in a positive mood |
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