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| The small vocal and visual comments a listener makes while a speaker is talking, without taking over the speaking turn. This includes responses such as "yeah," "huh?" "mhmm", head nodes, brief smiles, and completions of the speaker's words. Back-channel feedback is crucial to coordinate conversations smoothly. |
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| Communication through the silent motion of body parts - skols, smiles, nods, gazes, gestures, leg movements, postural shifts, caresses, slaps, and so on. Because body language entail movement, it is also known as kinesics. |
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| The process through which people transmit information about their ideas and feelings to one another. |
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| The extent to which the message inferred by a listener from a communication matches the message intended by the speaker. |
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| The assumption conversationalists ordinarily make that a speaker is behaving cooperatively by trying to be 1). informative, 2). truthful, 3) relevant to the aims of the ongoing conversations, and 4) clear. |
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| A variety of American English spoken by many blacks, with distinctive pronunciation of some words; Black English. |
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| A theory that views communcation as linear process in which the message is encoded by a transmitter, transmitted, and decoded by a receiver. |
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| A theory that views communication as the exchange of communicative intentions, and views message transmitted as merely the means to this end. |
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| (proxemics) Nonverbal communication involving the ways in which people position themselves at varying distances and angles from others. Because interpesonal spacing refers to the proximity of people, it is also known as proxemics. |
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| The information that each participant in an interaction needs about the other participant (s) in order for communication to be successful. |
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| Linguistic intergroup bias |
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| Subtle and systematic differences in the language we use to describe events as a function of our group members and the groups to which the actor or target belongs. |
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| A style of speech characterized by limited vocabulary, improper pronunciation, and incorrect grammar. The use of this style is associated with low status and lower power. |
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| All the vocal aspects of speech other than words, including loudness pitch, speed of speaking, pauses, sighs, laughter, and so on. |
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| A theory that views communication as the exchange of messages using symbols whose meaning is created by the interaction of itself. |
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| Sociolinguistic competence |
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| Knowledge of the implicit rules for generating socially appropriate sentences that make sense because they fit the listeners social knowledge. |
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| The theory that verbal utterances both state something and do something. |
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| A socially acquired system of sound patterns with meanings agreed on by the members of a group |
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| A speech style characterized by diverse vocabulary, proper pronunciation, correct grammar, and abstract content. The use of this style is associated with high status and power. |
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| The most common verbal method for imitating a conversation in which one person summons the other as with a question or greeting and the other indicates his or his availability for conversation by responding. |
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| Forms used to represent ideas, feeling, thoughts, intentions, or any other object. Symbols represent our experiences in a way that others can perceive with their sensory organs- through sounds, gestures, pictures, and so on. |
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| Theory of speech accommodation |
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Definition
| The theory that people express or reject intimacy with others by adjusting their speech behavior (accent, vocabulary, or language) during interaction. They make their own speech behavior more similar to their partner's to express liking and more dissimilar to reject intimacy. |
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| A change in a person's attitudes about some issue, person, or situation. |
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| A process that helps a target person to resist persuasion attempts by exposing him or her to a weak version of the arguments. |
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| The capacity of one group member to issue orders others - that is, to direct or regulate the behavior of other members by invoking rights that are vested in his or her role. |
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| Communication-persuasion paradigm |
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Definition
| A research paradigm that conceptualizes persuasion attempts in terms of source, message, target, channel, and impact- that is, who says what to whom by what medium with what effect |
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| In persuasion, the extend to which the communicator is perceived by the target audience as a believable source of information. |
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| In social influence, adherence by the target to the source's requests or demands. Compliance may occur either with or without concomitant change in attitudes. |
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| In persuasion, a message advocating a position that is different from what the target believes. |
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| Authority that is accepted as a normal part of a social role. |
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| Those channels of communication (TV, radio, newspapers, and the Internet) that enables a source to reach and influences a large audience. |
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| An effort by a source to change the beliefs or attitudes of a target person through the use of information or argument. |
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| An influence technique that is communication taking the general form, "If you do X (which I want), than I will do Y (which you want)." |
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| Resistance to persuasion attempts that occurs when the persuasion attempts threatens the independence or freedom of the target. |
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| Social influence that occurs because individuals seek to be liked and accepted by valued social groups. |
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| A theoretical framework, applicable to both persuasion and obedience, stating that the impact of an influence attempt is a function of strength, immediacy, and number of sources that are present. |
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| An interaction process in which one person's behavior causes another person to change an opinion or to perform an action that he or she would not otherwise do. |
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| In social influence, the person who intentionally engages in some behavior (persuasion, threat, promise) to cause another person to behave in a manner different from how he or she otherwise would. |
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| Subjective expected value (SEV) |
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Definition
| With respect to threats, the product of a threat's credibility times its magnitude: with respect to promises, the product of a promise's credibility times its magnitude. |
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| In social influence, the person who is affected by social influence attempt from the source. It is aggression, the person toward whom an aggressive act is directed. |
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| An influence technique that is communication taking the general form "If you don't do X (which I want), then I will do Y (which you don't want)" |
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| Behavior that is intended to harm another person and that the other wants to avoid |
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| Explicit depiction - in fim, video, photograph, or story - of sexual activity in which force is threatened or used to coerce a person to engage in sex. |
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| Actions performed voluntarily with the intention of helping someone else that entail no expectation of receiving reward or benefit in return (except possibly an internal feeling of having done a good deed for someone). |
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| The tendency for bystanders in an emergency to help less often and less quickly as the number of bystanders present increases. |
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| In an emergency situation, a quick response by a person witnessing the emergency to help another who is endangered by events. |
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| The reduction of aggressive arousal by means of performing aggressive acts. The catharsis hypothesis states that we can purge ourselves of hostile emotions by intensely experiencing these emotions while performing aggression. |
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| Helping behavior motivated by a helper's own sense of self-gratification |
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| An emotional response to others as if we ourselves were in that person's situation; feeling pleasure at another's pleasure or pain at another's pain. |
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| The blocking of goal-directed activity. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration leads to aggression. |
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| Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that every frustration leads to some form of aggression and every aggressive act is due to some prior frustration. |
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| Any behavior that has the consequences of providing some benefit to or improving the well-being of another person. |
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| Non aggressive pornography |
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| Explicit depictions-in film, video, photograph, or story - of adults engaging in consenting sexual activity. |
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| A social norm stating that people should 1) help those who have previously helped them 2) not help those who have denied them help for no legitimate reason. |
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