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| Having close friends and staying in contact with family members is associated with |
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| health benefits such as protecting against heart disease, infection, diabetes, and cancer, and with living longer and more actively |
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| Children who are socially excluded from activities by their peers are |
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| more likely than other children to suffer academically as well as socially in school several years later |
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| Experiencing a social rejection or loss is so painful that it produces |
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| activity in the same parts of the brain as when we feel physical pain. Experiencing social rewards, on the other hand, such as being treated fairly, activates parts of the brain associated with physical rewards such as desirable food and drink |
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| folktale depicting the power of the situation |
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| picture - Cinderella, social psych is very situational |
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| is a science that studies influence of our situations |
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| lives are connected by 1000 threads |
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| social psych aims to answer 3 questins |
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| how much of world is in head? would you be cruel if ordered? to help, or to help oneself? |
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| shock with teacher and student, cruel if ordered |
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| to help or to help onself |
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| money truck, would you hae went to police station or kept it |
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| beliefs attitudes conformity obidence love etc |
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| no consensus, tripplet did first article and ringleman did research before but didnt publish till after |
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| McDougal Ross (1908) Allport (1924) and he focused on SP |
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| social psych assumed current form in |
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| cognition which leads to reaction |
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| today social psych emphasizes |
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| power of the situation, power of the person, importance of cognition, applicability of social psych principles |
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| primitive population, had troubles growing food - turned to religion and magic to understand surroundings// belief in magic made underlying cause |
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| our ideas of human nature are molded by our socialization and life circumstances |
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| way individuals feel and think in situations |
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| Sp takes on broader perspective |
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| far reaching, focus on individual, uses experiments |
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| two questions asked by researchers |
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| will individuals performance be enhanced or impaired by others |
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| did a study on social influence (1936) illusion of light moving across a screen |
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| behavior is a function of the interaction between person and environment |
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| interactionist perspective |
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| how personality + env interact and influence behaviour |
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| increase got funding, high public regard, systematic progs of research, SP Golden Age |
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| confidence and crisis (1961-70) |
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| arguments on data collection, SP appeared split in 2, period of expansion |
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| Era of Pluralism (1976-present) |
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| stringent research standards, wide variety of research methods, pluralism applies to nature of human nature |
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| Pluralism hot/cold perspective |
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Hot/ 50-60s focused on motivation&emotion
Cold/70s-80s focused on cognition as determinent of behaviour |
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| social psych pluralism is |
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| diverse, multicultural, and international |
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integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
confidence goes from fact->theory->guess |
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testable proposition that describes relationship that may exist
allows us to test theory, gives direction to research |
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| at the beach, shave ice sales go up and shark attacks go up. (not cause & effect) |
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| when you take sj randomly so its representative of given population |
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| unrepresentative samples, order of questions, response options, wording of question |
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| variable that is manipulated |
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| variable being measured (may depend on manipulation of IV) |
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| random assigment v random sampling |
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| assigns sj to control group and exp group to help infer cause n effect while sampling just gives an initial pool |
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| degree to which an exp is superfically similar to everyday situations |
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| degree to which experiment absorbs and involves its participants |
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| cues in an exp that tells participant whats expected (should not occur) |
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| allowing peoeple to participate and know what they are doing |
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| research needs to be done to test validity |
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| description and belief about self |
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| how are we affected by our self schemas |
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| perception/evaluation of self and others |
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| when info is relevant we are more likely to remember it |
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| self esteem v self concept |
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| self esteeem is how we feel about our self concept |
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| self knowledge (how do we know oursleves) |
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| data shows we are usually wrong about how we know ourself |
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| western culture, identity is self contained, lots of uniqueness, self esteem is stable, strongly emphasized during adolscence |
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| emphasizes how diff we are from others, people get angry if personal identity is threatened |
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| Eastern/Southern culture, interdependent, identity defined in relation to others, more self critical |
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| group identity, greater sense of belonging, goal is to harmonize community, self concept is malleable |
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| what happens when collectivist move into individualist cultures |
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| harder for collectivists to go to then return to their culture rather than the other way around |
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| how competent you feel to do something |
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| high self efficacy and high self esteem can it happen |
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| if you continue to fail or bad things keep happening you become helpless |
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| concious of own behaviour, receptive to audiences, high self monitors are able to regulate behaviors (inconsistent behaviors) |
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| high self monitors behavior is determined by |
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| saving face, put yourself at disadvantage, so when you fail its easier |
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| if you play bball and say you are going to lose - claim you have an injury or blame something else. we dont try harder if we know we will fail |
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| social comparison theory (festinger) |
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| comparing self to others, when your uncertain, to others similar to self |
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| twofactor theory of emotion (shachter) |
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| physiological arousal and cog interpretation of that arousal |
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| schacter exp on affiliation |
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| when your uncertain how you feel you compare to others that are similar ex. shocking people - reactions of others help us interpret our arousal |
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| testing two factor theory |
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| uninformed group was mood dependent on the other person there (confederate) |
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| social perception (social cognition) |
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| teenagers helping to fix car, or cop, do you go with teens or cop (cop)you perceive others with little information |
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| social perception can be divided in 2 areas |
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| impression formation and attribution process |
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| when you intergrate forms of info and put into overall judgement |
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| first step in social perception, vital to our health and safety, engage in everyday. It's intergrative |
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| the social categorization process |
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| classify people into groups based on common attributes such as race, gender (things seen) |
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| redirects energy or attention, shortcut to thinking, later on close mindedness and grey area can inhibit thought |
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| impression formation of nonverbal cues |
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| happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, are innate + play important role in comm |
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| survival value hypothesis |
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| anger + fear are most recognizable and have survival value to recognize |
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| impression formation and eye contact |
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| direction/intensity of a gaze, it's powerful. culture changes that indivd is good collectivist is bad |
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| infering causal relationships underlying behaviour - observe actions over time |
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| theory of how we explain others behaviours - attribute it to internal or external |
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| attribution theories originator |
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| internal v external (disposition to sitaution) |
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| both can blue because one can lead to the other, ex. schoolchild is fearful diff from the child fears school |
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| how do we infer causal relationships underlying behaviour |
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| inferring traits, commonsense attributions |
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| theory of correspondent inferences |
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Definition
jones and davis - predicts people do things because of their personal self and internal dispositions
degree of choice- when something freely chosen as opposed to be coaersed
expectness of behavior - action that departs from norm opposed to typical behav
intended effects or consequences is not desirable likely a disposition |
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| Kelly (1973) Covariation Thoery |
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| based on the principle, people attribute behaviour to factors present when behav occurs, and absent when it does not |
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| tendency to estimate odds of an event will occur by how easily instances come to mind |
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| making assumptions on look vs statistic probability - guy dresses in black worships satan (1,000 people) as opposed to being christian (1,000,000) |
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| tendency to overestimate extent to which others share their opinions ex. if you think everyone likes same type of music you like |
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| kelleys theory of attributions |
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| consistency, distintctiveness, and consensus influence whether behav is internal or external |
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| hiring a nanny with experience in children and she tells you she spent 5 years in prision, you will combine those pieces and make impression |
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tendency to imagine alt outcomes that may occur but have not
olympics - bronze medalists were more satisfied than silver |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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overestimate role of person and underestimate impact of situations on behaviour
ex.under estimate situation and over estimate disposition |
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