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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| How we explain someones behavior- by situation or disposition |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| Overestimating the influence of personality on one's actions and underestimating the influence of situation |
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| Feelings we have based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events |
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| Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who agree with a small action to comply later with a larger one |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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When we become aware that out actions and attitudes don't coincide, we experience tension (cognitive dissonance). To change this, we change our attitudes to match our actions.
Ex: Stanford Prison Experiment |
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| Unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones, helps use feel what they are feeling |
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Adjusting out behavior or thinking toward some group standard
Ex: Asch's line experiment |
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| Normative Social Influence |
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| Influence that results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| Informational Social Influence |
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Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
(opposite of stubborn) |
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Following the orders of a certain person or group of people due to a perceived higher status and power
Ex: Milgram shock experiment |
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| Doing better on simple/well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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Individuals in a group exerting less effort when trying to reach a common goal than when working by themselves
Ex: Group projects |
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| The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint when in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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The enhancement of a groups initial inclinations through discussion within the group
Ex: If a group of liberal have a meeting and a group of conservatives have a meeting, their opinions will be more liberal or more conservative than before |
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A way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the alternatives
Ex: Agree to disagree, limit conflict |
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| "Prejudgement"- an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group of people. Involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, can be unconscious |
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| An overgeneralized belief about a group of people, can be unconscious |
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| Unjustifiable negative behavior to a group or its members |
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| In any situation- "us" vs "them'- commonly sports, country, workplace, etc. |
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| Favoring one's own group, pride in one's group |
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| The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. People who fail/ are insecure may take it out on a rival person or group |
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| The tendency for people to believ ethat the world is just, so people always get what they deserve. SOmewhat caused by what we teach our children- that if they do something good they will be rewarded, if they do something bad they will be punished. This leads people to think that the people who suffer are bad and people who succeed are good, which isn't always the case. |
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| Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| Frustration-Agression Principle |
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| The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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| Ex: Eating the food you stole, acceptance from friends when bullying, child whining/crying to get what they want |
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| A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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| A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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| The phenomenon that repeated exposure of novel stimuli increases liking of them. Reason for attraction due to proximity. Also applies when looking at ourselves- we see our mirror image as more attractive than the normal way because we're familiar with it |
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| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning go a love relationship |
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| The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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| A condition in which people receive from a relationship the same that they put into it, key to a good relationship |
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| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. Vital ingredient of loving relationships- self- disclosure breeds liking, liking breeds self-disclosure |
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| Unselfish regard for the welfare of others, helping others with no intent of payback |
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| The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, "someone else will help" |
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| The theory that out social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| Social Responsibility Norm |
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| An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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| Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation- break social barriers by working toward a comma goal |
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| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
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