Term
|
Definition
| the scientific field that seeeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a commitment to gathering and evaluating information about the world (including social behavior and thought) in as carful, precise, and error-free a manner as is possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a commitment to obtaining and evaluating such information in a manner that is as free of bias as is humanly possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a commitment to accepting finding as accurate only to the extent that they have been verified repeatedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a commitment to changing one's views even views that are strongly held if existing evidence suggests that these views are inaccurate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new branch of psychology that seeks to investigate the potential role of genetic factors in various aspects of human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An are of research in social psychology that seeks knowledge about the neural and biological bases of social processes |
|
|
Term
Multicultural Perspective
P.19 |
|
Definition
| A focus on understanding the cultural and ethical factors that influence social behavior |
|
|
Term
Systematic Observation
P20 |
|
Definition
| A method of research in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of research in which large numbers of persons answer questions about their attitudes or behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of research in which a scientist systematically observes two or more variables to determine whether changes in one are accompanied by changes in the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An as-yet-unverified prediction |
|
|
Term
Eperimentation(experimental Method)
P25 |
|
Definition
| a method of research in which one or more factores(The independent variables) are systematically changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more othere factors(dependent Variable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable that is systematically changed in and experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable that is measured in an experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A basic requirement for conducting valid experiments. according to this principle, research participants must have an equal chance of being expsed to each level of the idependent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized to real-life social situations and perhaps to persons different from those who participated in the research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a special form of mathematics that allows us to evaluate the likelihood that a given pattern of research results occurred by chance alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A statistical technique for combining data from independent studies in order to determine whether specific variables(or interactions among variables) have significant effects across these studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efforts by scientists in any field to answer the questions "why?" theories involve attempts to understand why certian events or processes occur as they do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique whereby researchers withhold information about the purposes or procedurs of a study from persons participating in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure in which reserach participants are provided with as much information as possible about a research project before deciding whether to participate in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedures at the conclusion of a research session in which participants are given full information about the anure of the research and the hypothesis or hypotheses under investigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which we seek to know and understand other persons. |
|
|
Term
Nonverbal Communication
84 |
|
Definition
| communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language. it relies instead on an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, and body language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of eye contact in which one person continues to gaze steadily at another regardless of what the recipient does. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cues provided by the position, posture, and movement of others' bodies or body parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspects of speech apart from the meaning of the words employed. |
|
|
Term
Interchannel discrepancies
89 |
|
Definition
| a second nonverbal cue revealing of deception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
efforts at deceptions frequently revealed by this |
|
|
Term
exaggerated facial expressions
90 |
|
Definition
when one smiles more or shows greater sorrow than is typically given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process through which we seek to identify the causes of others' behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions. |
|
|
Term
Correspondent inference
93 |
|
Definition
a theory describing how we use others' behavior as a basis for inferring their stable dispositions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects produced by a particular cause that could not be produced by any other apparent cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which other persons react to some stimulus or even in the same manner as the person we are considering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which an individual responds to a given stimulus or situation in the same way on different ocasions (i.e. across time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which an individual responds in the same manner to different stimuli or events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attach less importance to one potential cause of some behavior when other potential causes are also present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attach greater importance to a potential cause of behavior if the behavior occurs despite the presence of other, inhibitory causes. |
|
|
Term
correspondance bias (fundamental attribution error)
99 |
|
Definition
| the tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions, even in the presence of clear situational causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute our own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others mainly to internal(dispositional) causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes, but to attribute negative outcomes or events to external causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unwanted contact or communication of a sexual nature. |
|
|
Term
implicit personality theories
110 |
|
Definition
| beliefs about what traits or characteristics tend to go together. |
|
|
Term
fundamental attribution error(correspondance bias)
112 |
|
Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional cues on others' behavior. |
|
|
Term
impression formations(Self-presentations)
112 |
|
Definition
| the process through which we form impressions of others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| efforts by individuals to produce favorable first impressions on others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to form negative impressions of others who play up their superiors but who treat subordinates with disdain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaluation of various aspects of the social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which we acquire new information, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other persons. |
|
|
Term
classical Conditioning
127 |
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which one stimulus, initially neutral, acquires the capacity to evoke reactions through repeated pairing with another stimulus. in a sense, one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation or occurrence of the other. |
|
|
Term
subliminal conditioning
129 |
|
Definition
| classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals' threshold of conscious awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expectations about how people will or should behave in a particular context. |
|
|
Term
instrumental conditioning
130 |
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or that permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened. |
|
|
Term
observational learning
130 |
|
Definition
| a basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect that occurs when the impact of the media exposure on others' attitudes and behaviors is overestimated and the impact on the self is underestimated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process through which we compare ourselves to others in order to determine whether our views of social reality are or are not correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by having seen an object previously, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can become more positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes aid in the interpretation of new stimuli and enable rapid responding to attitude-relevant information. |
|
|
Term
Identity or self-expression function
134 |
|
Definition
| attitudes can permit the expression of central values and beliefs and thereby communicate who we are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function in which holding particular attitudes can help maintain or enhance feelings of self-worth. |
|
|
Term
Ego-defensive function
135 |
|
Definition
| protection of ourselves from unwanted or unflattering views of ourselves by claiming particular attitudes. |
|
|
Term
impression motivation function
135 |
|
Definition
| attitudes can be used to lead others to have a positive view of ourselves. when motivated to do so, the attitudes we express can shift in order to create the desired impression on others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than ourselves. |
|
|
Term
attitude accessibility
139 |
|
Definition
| the ease with which specific attitudes can be remembered and brought into consciousness |
|
|
Term
theory of reasoned action
141 |
|
Definition
| a theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not to act |
|
|
Term
theory of planned behavior
141 |
|
Definition
| an extension of the theory of reseaned action, suggesting that in addition to attitudes toward a given behavior and subjective norms about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform the behavior. |
|
|
