Term
| Basic Vs. Applied Research |
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Definition
| Basic research is concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right. Applied science is concerned with a real world problem of importance. |
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Term
conceptual variables vs. operational
definitions |
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Definition
Conceptual variables define concepts based on other concepts.
Operational Definitions define observable conditions or events and tells a researcher hows to measure it. |
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Term
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Definition
| whether a scale correlates with the scientific construct it's supposed to measure |
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Term
| internal vs. external validity |
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Definition
Internal validity is when we know that results can only be due to the manipulated variable.
External validity is when the basic situations participants are put into resembles a real life situation. How 'Likely" it is in the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of survey or poll in which respondants read and select a response without research interference |
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Definition
| research conducted using various records. |
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Definition
| Research based on viewing things in a systematic way. Ex: Charles Darwin and theory of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Research through stories (word of mouth, field notes, etc.) |
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Definition
| Research based on asking questions to respondants. |
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Definition
| Research in which a study is conducted at two points in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research involving an independent and dependent variable with randomly assigned participants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research with no random assignment to different situations. It can be observed whether or not there is a relationship between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliability is the consistency of a measurement. Validity is the strength or quality of your conclusions. |
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Term
| pos. vs. neg. correlations |
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Definition
Positive Correlation, Y increases with X
Negative Correlation, Y decreases with X |
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Term
random
assignment vs. random sampling |
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Definition
| Random Sampling is when you randomly choose your participants from a population. Random assignment occurs when you randomly assign these participants to control or experimental groups. |
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Term
| independent and dependent variables |
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Definition
| The Independent variable is set by the researcher. The dependent variable changes according to the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A result which is unlikely to have occured by chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| legal procedure which ensures that the participant knows all of the risks involved in participation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Review Board. Board of professors who review ethical guidelines of studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Five personality traits that psychologists think compose our personality (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) |
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Term
| high vs. low reactive temperaments |
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Definition
| If a person becomes aroused and distressed with stimuli, they are high reactive. If they are calm when presented with unfamiliar stimuli, they are low reactive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits caused by genes rather than upbringing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits are assumed to be stable over time and across situations. |
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Term
| Trait-situation interaction |
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Definition
| The influence that surroundings have on the expression of personality traits |
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Term
| distinctiveness hypothesis |
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Definition
| Hypothesis that we know what makes us unique in a context and highlight it when talking about ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals perception of self |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs and ideas people have about themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that people decide on their attitudes by observing their own behavior in situations and inferring what their attitudes must be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that people judge how well they're doing by comparing themselves to others. |
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Term
independent/interdependent views of
self |
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Definition
| Interdependent views of self are formed by linking to others and prefer the collective. People with independent views of self perceive themselves as distinct and insist on the ability to act on one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self esteem measure based on successes and failures in domains in which a person bases their self-worth. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to define oneself in terms of many domains and categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing successes to internal or personal factors and attributing failures to situations or factors beyond control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trying to control the way people perceive yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| Doing something that prevents you from being responsible for failure. |
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Term
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Definition
High self monitors are very aware of themselves and others in situations and are self-concious.
Low Self Monitors beat by their own drum. |
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Term
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Definition
| sustaining and augmenting a positive view of ones self. "Distort self-appraisals to maintain a favorable self-view" |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that people want to be understood and thought of by others according to firmly held beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesis that self-esteem is based on how we are included or looked on favorably by others. |
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Term
| state vs. trait self-esteem |
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Definition
| Trait self esteem is persistant across situations. State self esteem is concerned with the short-term. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretical accounts of how people explain why things happen to them. Also, the effect these assessments have. |
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Term
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Definition
| How people explain to themselves why they experience an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| "if you think of it, it must be important" States that people explain an event based on what most easily comes to mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overestimating how many people actually agree with you |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| Placing more value on personal problems than situational effects when evaluating a person. |
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Term
| actor-observer difference |
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Definition
| Actors tend to blame causes of their behavior on a situation. Observers end to blame the actors disposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for people to want to believe that the world is just. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| Judging the probability of an event based on what you know about other similar events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information about the likeliness of something to happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to one stimulus effecting reaction to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to one stimulus effecting reaction to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presenting the same object in different formats can alter peoples decisions |
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Term
| bottom-up vs. top-down processes |
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Definition
Bottom-up: Data Driven (conclusions based on stimuli)
Top Down - Theory Drivent (interpreting new information based on preexisting knowledge). |
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Term
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Definition
Sharpening: Emphasizing important or interesting parts of a story when telling it.
Leveling: Eliminating uninteresting or irrelevant parts of a story when telling it to someone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeing a correlation that you expect when it's not really there. |
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Term
| primacy vs. recency effect |
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Definition
| The order in which you learn information effects which parts of it you remember best. First and last parts of lists but not middle will be remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preconceived notions about the world and situations. |
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