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| A negative prejudgement of a group and it's individuals |
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| Discrimination: negative behavior towards group and its members. |
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| An individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a give race, or (2) instituational practices ( even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race. |
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| (1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex. |
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Was blatant
Ex. Jim Crow laws; “Separate but equal” doctrine |
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is subtle.
Ex. Treat non-English speaking minority as less intelligent. |
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seemingly positive
Ex.Assume women are “naturally ” better at child care. |
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Actively downgrades
Ex. “Men are chauvinistic pigs.” |
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| A disruptive concern, when facing negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype. |
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| The "we aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships |
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| "Us" A group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity. |
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| "Them." A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup. |
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| The tendency to favor one's own group. |
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| Realistic group conflict theory |
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| The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scare resources. |
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| Believing in the superiority of one's own ethic and cultural group and having corresponding distain for all other groups. |
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| Outgroup Homogeneity effect |
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| Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus they are all "alike" and we are "diverse" |
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| Then tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
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| Sources of Prejudice are? |
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Definition
. Social Sources ( social status impacts prejudice.)
. Social Identity (being a member of a group status impacts prejudice)
Emotional sources
(frustration, conflict over scarce resources impacts prejudice.)
Cognitive sources (thinking processes impact prejudice.) |
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Definition
| We look for a handy target for our displaced aggression. |
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| Realistic conflict theory |
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| Prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources |
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Innate need for status, belonging triggers disparagement of other group.
The Authoritarian personality: punitive, judgmental, ethnocentric, “law & order” type. |
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| Categorization using stereotypes. |
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Definition
| Ethnicity & sex are key ways to organize our world |
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| Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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| Aggression is a means to some other end |
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| The blocking of goal directed behavior |
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| The redirection of aggression to target other than the source of frustration. Generally, the new target is safer or more socially acceptable target. |
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| The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded and punished. |
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| A subjective feeling that there is not enough space per person . |
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| Emotional release. The cartharis view of aggression that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy ; either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression. |
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| Innate death instinct toward outward |
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| Brain Involvement in aggression |
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Definition
| - amygdala (excitation).... frontal cortex (inhibits) |
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| Frustration – aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
Frustration anger + cues = aggression
Often aggression is displaced to safe target. |
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operant (directly receive rewards)
-- observational learning (see model rewarded) |
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| Environment in aggression |
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Definition
| pain, attacks, heat, crowding |
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| Does punishment decrease aggression? |
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Definition
Only if punishment is immediate and meaningful.
Only if the aggression is controllable. |
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Definition
Prevention is key.
Teach nonaggressive coping strategies.
Reward prosocial, desirable behaviors.
Don’t model aggression (family, school, media).
Reduce availability of weapons (aggression cues). |
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| Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior, the opposite of social behavior; the opposite of anti- social behavior. |
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| We like those who surround us. |
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We like things we are familiar with (They’re “safe”).
We distrust the unfamiliar. |
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Usually pair up with someone of equal attractiveness.
May compensate with some other resources |
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| physical- attractiveness stereotype |
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| ‘what is beautiful is good’ stereotype. Its the presumption that physical attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well. |
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| The popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other. |
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| A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing positive interactions. |
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| The hot flame of intense romance and desire. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and re disconsolate on losing it. |
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| Deep affectionate attachment after passion cools. The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. |
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| Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion |
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| Emotional experience is a product of physiological arousal and how we cognitively label the arousal. |
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| What I contribute = what I get out of it. |
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| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
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| The tendency for one's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner. |
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| A perceived incompatiability of actions or goals. |
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| enrich ourselves at other’s expense Prisoners dilemma and Tragedy of the commons. |
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| Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. If cooperate, both sides can win. If compete, both sides can lose. |
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| Reciprocal views of another another often held by parties in conflict; for example each may hold a view of it's self that it is moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive. |
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Definition
Competition.
Perceived injustice.
Equity principle
The role of social power
Misperceptions/distorted images of us & them
Mirror-image perceptions: matching distortions |
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| Contact on an equal basis. Interracial contact wshould be between persons in equal stauts. |
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| A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort, a goal that overrides people's differences from one another. |
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| Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negoatation between parties. |
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| An attempt by a third party to resolve a clonflict by faciliatating communication and offering suggestions |
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| Resoultion to a conflict by a neutral party 3rd party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement. |
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| Win-wn agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit. |
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| Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. A strategy used designed to de-escalate international tensions. |
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“Selfless” helping
Help without expecting benefits
Help even when it costs us |
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Definition
the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs.
Analysis reveals benefits outweigh the costs. |
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| An expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them. |
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| Social responsibility norm |
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| An expectation that people will help those dependent on them. |
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| The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders. |
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We notice the incident.
We interpret event as an emergency.
We assume responsibility.
We help. |
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