Term
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Definition
| a change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
-we conform because we believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action
-occurs because we see other people as a source of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| the illusion that a still point of light in an otherwise dark visual field moves |
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Term
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Definition
Conforming to other people’s behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
SHERIF's experiment: Autokinetic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Conforming to other people’s behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying |
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Term
| How do administrators combat binge drinking in college students? |
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Definition
SOCIAL NORMS METHOD
-students receive accurate information about the drinking levels on their campus, which are typically lower than students believe them to be |
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Term
Baron, Vandello, & Brunsman
eyewitness task |
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Definition
-showed them picture of perpetrator and then had them pick that person out of a lineup
-Lineup was only flashed for a second and the perpetrator was wearing different clothes than in the picture: AMBIGUOUS
-3 confederates gave the wrong answers. participants were more influenced by the confederate's answers when the task was more important (informational social influence) |
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Term
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Definition
| The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence, in a group of people, of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause |
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Term
| 3 conditions for people to conform to Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
1. When the situation is ambiguous
2. When the situation is a crisis - crisises leave us limited time to act, which may increase panic. turn to other panicked people for information
3. When other people are experts - the more expertise someone has, the more people will turn to them as a guide in an ambiguous situation. Experts are not always reliable sources of information |
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Term
| How to resist informational influence |
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Definition
| -Consider whether or not other people know more about what is going on than you do and whether the actions of the other people or experts seem sensible |
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Term
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Definition
| The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members |
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Term
| Normative social influence |
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Definition
The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
-this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group’s beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors |
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Term
| Asch Line Judgment Studies |
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Definition
-used a clearly defined situation, not ambiguous
-Participants were presented with a series of three lines of differing lengths and were asked to match a target line to one of the three; the answer was OBVIOUS.
-7 confederates, 1 normal participant
--2/3 of the trials: confederates conformed to the wrong answer
--RESULTS
-76% conformed at least once
--People conformed on about 1/3 of the trials where the confederates gave the wrong answer |
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Term
| Twist of Asch's experiment: Writing answers on paper |
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Definition
-Conformity dropped dramatically
-demonstrates the power of social disapproval in the original study in shaping a person's behavior |
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Term
| Baron et. al study: given easy eyewitness identification task |
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Definition
-shown participants the lineup for 5 seconds and let them view each pair of slides twice
--Control subjects got 97% correct on these conditions, demonstrating that this task was indeed unambiguous and analogous to the Asch line judgment situation
-people find it difficult to risk social approval, even when the answer is blatantly wrong |
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Term
| What happens when people resist normative group influence? |
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Definition
| Other group members start paying attention to the deviant and try to convince them to conform. if they dont, they will be rejected |
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Term
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Definition
| conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group’s importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group |
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Term
| Schacter: demonstrated how groups respond to an individual who ignores the group's normative influence |
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Definition
-Groups read about "Johnny Rocco," a juvenile delinquent.
-An accomplice in the group was instructed to disagree with the group's recommendations. The deviant received most of the communication from the other group members. group members began to ignore the deviant and then recommended that the deviant be eliminated from the further group discussions |
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Term
Anderson et al.
Social Influence and Women's Body image |
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Definition
| -analyzed 54 diff cultures' perception of the ideal female body. heavy female bodies were considered the most beautiful in cultures with little food. slender body viewed in cultures that had a lot of food. |
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Term
| Crandall: examined normative social influences on bulimia in 2 college sororities |
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Definition
| -each sorority had its own norm for the "right" amount of binge eating and that popularity within the sorority was associated with adherence to this norm. |
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Term
| Pope: found changes in the masculature of GI Joe dolls, and in % of ads portraying men |
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Definition
-more muscle is ideal
--men are accurate at perceiving amount of body mass, but their ideal muscle mass is more |
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Term
| Social Impact theory: What does conforming to normative pressures depend on? (3) |
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Definition
1. Strength (personal importance)
2. Immediacy (physical proximity)
3. Number of other people in group |
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Term
| Factors of conformity (5) |
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Definition
1. Group size
2. When the group is important - normative pressures are stronger when they come from people that like each other. highly cohesive
3. when one has no allies in the group: group unanimity increases
4. When the group's culture is collectivistic: higher conformity in collectivist societies (Norway, Zimbabwe, etc).
5. low self-esteem: people are more likely to conform |
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Term
| How to resist normative social influence (2) |
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Definition
1. become aware that we are doing it
2. find a friend that thinks like you do |
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Term
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Definition
| give you the right to deviate occasionally without serious consequences, because you conform to group norms most of the time |
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Term
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Definition
minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority
caused by consistency over time and between members of the minority |
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Term
| Wood: minorities + majorities --> types of influence? |
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Definition
Minorities: cause private acceptance because of informational social influence
Majorities: Cause public compliance because of normative social influence |
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Term
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Definition
| People’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others |
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Term
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Definition
| People’s perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others |
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Term
| Reno: the role of injuctive and descriptive norms |
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Definition
CONCLUSIONS: injuctive norms are more powerful than descriptive norms in producing desired behavior
-participants were exposed either to a confederate walking by (control group), a confederate walking by and dropping fast food bag (descrip. norm condition), or a confederate picking up a littered fast food bag (injuctive norm condition)
-occurred in either clean or dirty parking lot
RESULTS:
-Control group: 38% littered in both parking lots
-Descriptive norm condition: littering = reduced in clean lot condition, becayse confederate reminded people of the norm for cleanliness
-Injuctive norm: littered least of all |
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Term
| Arendt: obedience to authority |
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Definition
| -holocause occurred because participants were ordinary people bowing to extraordinary social pressures, not because they were crazy |
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Term
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Definition
-paired associates task, delivered electric shock for incorrect answers
-62.5% of the participants gave 450 volts shock |
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Term
| Why did 62.5% continue with Milgram's experiment to 450 volts? (3) |
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Definition
1. Self justification: dissonance reductionl rationalization provided the basis for escalating shocks
2. Loss of personal responsibility: experimenter was authority figure, so he was responsible. "just following orders"
3. Social pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other |
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Term
| Why do people join groups? (3) |
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Definition
1. evolution: substantial survival advantage of groups.
2. innate need to belong.
3. Services: provide information, help us define identity, establish social norms for behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave |
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Term
| What are the costs of social roles? (2) |
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Definition
1. people can temporarily lose their personal identities. (ex: prison guards become more aggressive, prisoners become more passive and depressed)
2. cost to acting inconsistently with roles (ex: conflict between traditional woman's roles and job roles) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members |
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Term
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Definition
| • ) The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated |
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Term
| Zajonc: explanation of mere presence effect (social facilitation) |
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Definition
| -presense of others increases physiological arousal, which facilitates dominant, well-learned responses... but inhibits performance on more difficult tasks |
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Term
| Why the presense of others causes arousal (3) |
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Definition
1. presense of others makes us more alert
2. presense of others makes us concerned for what others think of us (evaluation apprehension)
3. others distract us |
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Term
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Definition
-individual efforts are less easily observed
-performance is impaired on simple tasks, and enhanced on complex ones when individual performance cannot be evaluated |
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Term
| Social Loafing - who slacks off the most? |
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Definition
| social loafing is more common in men. stronger in western than asian cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts |
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Term
| Mullen: deindividuation in crowds |
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Definition
| -larger mobs = more savagery |
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Term
| why does deindividuation make people feel less accountable? |
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Definition
-less likely that any individual will be singled out and blamed
-increases obedience to group norms |
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Term
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Definition
-when group interactions inhibit problem solving
-occurs because groups do not try hard enough to find out who is the most competent member, or communication problems |
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Term
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Definition
| The combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner |
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Term
| When is groupthink most likely to occur? (4) |
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Definition
1. when a group is highly cohesive
2. isolated from contrary options
3. ruled by a directive leader who makes his or her wishes known
4. using poor decision-making procedures in a high stress situation |
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Term
| Symptoms of groupthink (7) |
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Definition
1. illusion of invulnerability
2. belief in the moral correctness of the group
3. stereotyped views of the outgroup
4. self-censorship
5. direct pressure on dissenters to conform
6. mindguards are appointed to protect the leader from contrary viewpoints
7. illusion of unanimity |
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Term
| How to avoid groupthink (4) |
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Definition
1. leaders who strive to remain impartial
2. soliciting outside opinion
3. breaking the group into subgroups that meet separately and then convene
4. the use of secret ballots |
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Term
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Definition
| • The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members |
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Term
| The choice dilemmas questionnaire |
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Definition
used to study group decision making
conservative groups make less risks when together. predispositioned to risk, then make more risks together. GROUP POLARIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
| • The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation |
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Term
| What attributes display a modest association with leadership success? |
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Definition
| intelligence, motivation for power, charisma and social skills, adaptability, and confidence in leadership abilities |
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Term
| What characteristics of presidents correlated with presidential effectiveness? |
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Definition
| height, family size, number of books published before taking office |
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Term
| Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership |
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Definition
| leadership effectiveness depends on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group |
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Term
| forms of prejudice against women as leaders |
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Definition
| 1. if women fulfill their societal gender role by conforming, they are perceived as having less leadership potential. once women become leaders, they are evaluated more negatively than men who exhibit similar behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals |
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Term
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Definition
| A leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships |
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Term
| relationship-oriented leader |
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Definition
| A leader who is concerned primarily with workers’ feelings and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| • A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial |
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Term
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Definition
| A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good |
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Term
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Definition
| A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side |
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