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| A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior) |
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| The theory of how people explain others' behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations. |
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| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponding to "intuition" |
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| A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
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| Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
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| Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another. |
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| Giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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| An accomplice of the experimenter. |
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| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. |
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| The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables. |
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| Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| In social psychology, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings. |
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| In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes. |
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| The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action. |
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| Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected. |
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| The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| Dispositional Attribution |
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| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits |
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| Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
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| The degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants. |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant) |
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| The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors. |
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| The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors. |
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| Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory. |
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request cult indoctrination. |
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| The way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. (Also called correspondence bias, because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition) |
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| Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their depositions (while excusing such behaviors by one's own group) |
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| A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
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| The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
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| A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events. |
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| Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. |
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| The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. |
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| Perception of a relationship w here none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship that actually exists. |
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| The human tendency to neglect the speed and the strength of the "Psychological Immune System." which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen. |
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| Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events |
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| The experimental factor that a research manipulates |
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| The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
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| An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
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| Insufficient Justification |
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| Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient" - 139 |
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| Defining the self in terms of relationships with others. |
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| The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. |
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| The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces |
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| A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it. |
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| Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. |
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| Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations |
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| Overconfidence Phenomenon |
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| The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
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| The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. |
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| Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future |
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| Activating particular associations in memory |
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| The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. (Note the distinction between random assignment in experiments and random sampling in surveys. Random assignment helps us infer cause and effect. Random Sampling helps us generalize to a population) |
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| Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| Regression toward the Average |
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| The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average. |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. |
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| A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave: self-concept; theory. |
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| A theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and that (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing deeds in some other domain. |
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| A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions individualization in groups. |
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| A person's answers to the question "Who am I?" |
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| A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self-worth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem. |
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| A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth |
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| Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure. |
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| Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression |
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| The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs. |
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| The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals. |
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| The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself. |
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| Beliefs about our self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information. |
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| Self-Serving Attributions |
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| A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors. |
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| The tendency to perceive oneself favorably. |
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| Attributing behavior to the environment |
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| Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others attractiveness. |
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| An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors. |
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| The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
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| Socially shared beliefs - widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Out social representations help us make sense of our world. |
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| The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are. |
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| An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. |
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