Term
|
Definition
| pieces of information about something; facts or opinions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| global evaluations toward some object or issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different evaluations of the same attitude object, implicit versus explicit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled and conscious evaluative responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus (e.g., meat powder) that naturally evokes a particular response (salivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a naturally occurring response (e.g., salivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus (e.g., Pavlov's bell) that initially evokes no response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus |
|
|
Term
| operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) |
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished |
|
|
Term
| social learning (observational learning, vicarious conditioning) |
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the finding that people's attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them |
|
|
Term
| balance theory (P-O-X theory) |
|
Definition
| the idea that relationships among one person (P), the other person (O), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in P-O-X theory, relationships that involve attitudes or evaluations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in P-O-X theory, relationships that involve belongingness |
|
|
Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
| the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves it is worthwhile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how easily something comes to mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the general term for how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comparing oneself to people who are worse off |
|
|
