Term
|
Definition
| a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of the word (which may name a different color) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the Stroop test, the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized packets of information that are stored in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planting or activating an idea in someone's mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whether messages stress potential gains (positively framed) or potential losses (negatively framed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "What the heck" effect that occurs when people indulge in a behavior they are trying to regulate after an initial regulation failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the causal explanations people give for their own and others' behaviors, and for events in general |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) |
|
Definition
| the tendency for observers to attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes |
|
|
Term
| ultimate attribution error |
|
Definition
| the tendency for observers to make internal attributions (fundamental attribution error) about whole groups of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for something to be the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior does not occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in attribution theory, whether other people would do the same thing in the same situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in attribution theory, whether the person typically behaves this way in this situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in attribution theory, whether the person would behave differently in a different situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attribution theory that uses three types of information: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point (called an anchor) and then making adjustments up or down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having too much information to comprehend or integrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because it is joined with elements that seem similar to events that are likely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will "even out" in the short run |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs |
|
|
Term
| false uniqueness effect (better-than-average effect, Lake Wobegon effect) |
|
Definition
| the tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share one's most prized characteristics and abilities |
|
|
Term
| statistical regression (regression to the mean) |
|
Definition
| the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the false belief that one can influence certain events, especially random or chance ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking based on assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when something becomes impure or unclean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagining alternatives to past or present events or circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the false belief that it is better not to change one's first answer on a test even if one starts to think a different answer is correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagining alternatives that are better than actuality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing errors and biases by getting people to use controlled processing rather than automatic processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflecting on one's own thought processes |
|
|
