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| To turn attention inward and construct a concept of ourselves |
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| The sum total of beliefs we have about ourselves, everything that makes us us. There's a physical, academic, and social self-concept. |
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| Mental structure that affects how we organize and process social information. Our self schema tends to be bias. |
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| We tend to think we are better at something when we are better than the people around us. We don't think about the millions of others in the world that are just as good if not better. |
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| When something is so vague, or is so general we tend to think they are accurate. For example horoscopes |
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| It tends to be easier to process and remember things that relate to us, or ourselves. |
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| One's ability to focus on one voice in a crowd, or mixture of background noises. We also tend to hear our own name easier than a lot of other words. |
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| Looking inward on ones own thoughts and feelings |
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| When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behavior in the immediate environment |
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| Engage in a behavior for ones own pleasure or interest. You do it because it makes you happy. |
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| Engage in a behavior because you receive, or think you will receive something for doing the behavior. |
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| When people attribute their behavior to extrinsic influences instead of intrinsic, even though it may or may not used to be for intrinsic influences |
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| When we are unsure about our abilities or opinions we compare ourselves to others |
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| We attempt to shape what others think of us. There are two types of Self Presentation. Strategic Self Presentation, and Self-Verification |
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| Strategic Self-Presentation |
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| Our efforts to shape others impressions |
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| Desire to be perceived accurately |
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| An individualist values the virtues of independence, autonomy, and self reliance, Individualists are usually associated with the Western Cultures |
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| Collectivists tend to value the virtues of interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony. Also collectivists tend to be associated with Eastern Cultures |
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| Controller and decision maker of the self |
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| Self altering its own responses or inner states. |
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| The three components of Self-Regulation |
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| Commitment to standards, Monitoring of relevant behavior, and Capacity for overriding responses. |
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| Affective component of self, One's positive and negative self evaluations, and overall attitude about ourselves |
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| We are driven by a primitive need to connect with others and gain approval. It functions to reflect the extent of an individuals inclusion in social groups. |
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| Self-Esteem guards against thoughts about death, Self-Esteem is obtained by exceeding some standard |
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| Tendency to only attend to positive information |
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| Idea that people will reduce the impact of a threat on their self-esteem by focusing on an unrelated topic |
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| Behaviors designed to provide an excuse for failure. |
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| Basking in reflected glory |
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| to cut off reflected failure |
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| We tend to compare ourselves to others when we experience a tragic life event. We also compare ourselves to more extreme cases of that tragic event to make us feel better |
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| Affect(prejudice), Behavior(dicrimination), Cognitions(stereotypes) |
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| Positive or negative feeling about a person based on attitude about the persons social group membership |
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| Unfair treatment of a person or group in comparison to others who are not members of the same social group |
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| Attributes believed to describe a social group |
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| Authoritarian Personality Theory |
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| Develop a prejudice and stereotypes against people who do not conform to our ideals |
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| Ambivalence and Amplification |
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| feel that blacks are disadvantaged and deserving of help, we feel sorry for them. Or we feel blacks are deviant and resented for not following conventions, and we either respond extremely positive or extremely negative. |
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| The idea that whites endorse egalitarian values, culture and cognitive biases cause antipathy towards minorities, Norms cause people to deny they are racist. |
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| Incorporates unconscious and conscious processes, we learn the cultural stereotypes early on, repeated exposure causes automatic activation of stereotypes, personal beliefs come later in life. Either ends in low or high prejudice |
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| Part of Dissociation Model, a person controls automatic activation and align the automatic activation with our personal beliefs |
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| Our personal beliefs line up with the cultural stereotypes, so we act according to cultural stereotypes, and do no control the automatic activation. |
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| Fear that one will be viewed or treated in a way consistent with a negative stereotype, or fear that one will conform the stereotype. |
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| an individual belief that describes a group |
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| Many people share the belief that describes a group |
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| Classifying stimuli into different groups |
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| within Category Homogeneity |
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| Overestimate the similarity within groups |
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| Accentuation of Inter-Category difference |
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| Exaggerate the differences between groups |
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| Outgroup homogeneity Effect |
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| "Us-Them" distinctions, People perceive outgroup members as more similar than in group |
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| Disconfirming targets tagged as "exceptions to the rule" |
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| Whites no longer comfortable expressing racism directly largely because of the change in norms |
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| Self-Fulfilling Prophecies |
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| A false belief leads to its own fulfillment. Two types, a positive, and a negative self fulfilling prophecy |
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| Perceiver overestimates the targets ability,Perceiver treats the target consistent with the overly positive belief, target responds by confirming the overly positive belief |
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| Perceiver underestimates the targets ability, Perceiver treats target consistent with overly negative belief, Target responds by confirming the overly negative belief. |
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| Social group to which a person belongs |
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| Social group to which a person does not belong |
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| Unpleasant state of arousal |
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| something new or something different |
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| One of the 2 types of stressors, Events that cause us a great amount of stress such as, losing your job, losing a someone close, going bankrupt |
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| One of the 2 types of stressors, includes studying for a test, feeding children or family, getting homework done, resolving a conflict. |
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| Four ways of social support |
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| Instrumental, Informational, Appraisal, and Emotional |
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| When a person provides a direct service to another |
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| When a person provides information to another |
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| When a person provides another with useful and accurate feedback |
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| When a person expresses love, concern, and understanding to another |
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| Perceptions and Acquisition |
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| Refers to witness's perceptions at time of event in question |
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| Refers to getting information into memory to avoid forgetting, Purity of the moment can be influenced by post-event information. |
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| Tendency for false post-event information to become integrated into peoples memory of event. |
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| Ability to pull the information out of storage when needed |
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| Pretrial interview of potential jurors to uncover signs of bias |
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| Scientific Jury Selection |
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| methods of selecting juries through surveys that yield correlations between various trial-relevant attitudes |
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Right to remain silent
Right to have anything said used against them in court
Right to consult an attorney
Right to free counsel |
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| A Mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channels. They are 75% accurate but can be fooled. |
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