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| Aronson, E. and Linder, D. |
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| Proposed gail-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant) |
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| Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines |
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| Bandura's social learning theory |
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| Performed study on doll preferences of African-American children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| Leon Lestinger's consistency theory that people are motivated to reduce dissonant elements or add consonant elements to reduce tension |
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Theoretical perspectives from social psychology that hold that people prefer consistency between attitudes and behaviors, and that people will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference
Ex:
- Fritz Heider's Balance Theory
- Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| Darley, J., and Latane, B. |
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| Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility |
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| Daryl Bem's self perception theory |
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| Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles |
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| Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory |
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| Fritz HEider's consistency theory that is concerned with balance and imbalance in the ways in which three elements are related |
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| Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions |
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| Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational |
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| Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry |
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| John Darley and Bibb Latane |
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| Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| Leon Festinger's social comparison theory |
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| Proposed concept of belief in a just world |
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| Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire |
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| Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion |
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| Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers |
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| Petty, R., and Cacioppo, J. |
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| Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion) |
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- Bystander Intervention
- Empathy and Helping Behavior |
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| A theoretical perspective from social psychology that holds that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and behavior can be understood and attributed to the adoption of those social roles |
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| Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation |
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| Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation |
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| Type of psychology concerned with social behavior, including the ways people influence each other's attitudes and behavior, the impact that individuals have on one another, the impact that social groups have on individual group members, the impact that individual group members have upon the social group, and the impact that social groups have on other groups. |
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| Solomon Asch's Conformity study |
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| Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment |
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| Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominate responses |
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| Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results |
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| A form of helping behavior where the animal's intent is to benefit other animals at some cost to itself. |
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| McGuire's analogy that people can be psychologically inoculated against the "attack" of persuasive communications by first exposing them to a weakened attack. |
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| attractiveness stereotype |
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| Fritz Heider's theory that people tend to infer the causes of other people's behavior as either dispositional (related to the individual) or situational (related to the environment) |
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| the reluctance of people to intervene to help others in emergency situations when other people also witness the situation |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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| The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and thought by some social psychologists to be a strong influence on helping behavior |
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| A theory stating that individuals strive for fairness and feel uncomfortable when there is a perception of a lack of fairness |
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| forced-compliance dissonance |
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| forced-compliance dissonance |
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| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| The tendency to attribute individual characteristics as causes of others' behaviors and situation characteristics to one's own behavior |
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| A tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus at the expense of not considering discordant information |
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| In social psychology, it is the tendency to generalize from one attribute or characteristic to a person's entire personality |
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| A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behaviors through imitation of someone else |
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| postdecisional dissonance |
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| A classic method of investigating people's choices to compete or cooperate using a hypothetical case where two men have been taken into custody, separated, and can choose either to confess or not to confess |
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| In social psychology, it refers to those occasions when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions. In cognitive psychology, it is the tendency for items that are presented last to be remembered the best |
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| The hypothesis that we tend to like those who seem to like us, and dislike those who dislike us |
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| Refers to the finding that group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices (and this average riskiness of the individual choices can be considered to be an estimate of the group's original riskiness) |
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| The theory that we are motivated to affiliate with others based upon the rewards and costs of affiliation - the more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person |
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| The notion that the presence of other people affects an individual's judgment about an event |
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| A group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually |
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| spreading of alternatives |
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| A hypothesis that suggests that the risky shift occurs in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued |
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