Term
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Definition
| People's perceptions of how most people behave in a given context |
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Term
| Injunctive (Prescriptive) Norms |
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Definition
| People's perceptions of what behaviors are generally approved or frowned upon by others |
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Term
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Definition
| A norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution error |
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Definition
| The failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, and the corresponding tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on behavior |
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Term
| Behavioral confirmation (self-fulfilling prophesy) |
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Definition
Initially inaccurate expectations lead to
actions that cause the expectation to come
true |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states |
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Term
| Social Psych vs Other Social Sciences |
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Definition
| Stresses the effects of social situations on behavior. Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that they focus more on why individuals act in a certain way, rather than the population as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
orientation (e.g. Cognative approach); mid-range theories (e.g. social comparison theory); hypotheses (e.g. uncertainty leads to affiliation); operations (e.g. Women threatened with
shock will opt to wait with others.) |
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Term
| Characteristics of an experiment |
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Definition
1. Manipulation (the experiment is responsible for creating the circumstances)
2. Control (insuring the conditions are the same except for the independent variable)
3. Random Assignment |
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Term
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Definition
1. Random Variables (factors that have not or cannot be held constant)
2. Subjects' expectations (provide placebo)
3. Experimenter demand ( the experimenter
unintentionally influences responses) |
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Term
| Name various psychology methods. |
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Definition
| Case study, survey, observation (naturalistic/participant), archival, correlation, quasi-experiment, experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated); it is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental flaw in which participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| People's tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| People's tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior in order to have a ready excuse should they perform poorly or fail |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to monitor their behavior in such a way that it fits situational demands (the current situation) |
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Term
| Better-than-Average Effect |
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Definition
| The finding that most people think they are above average on various trait and ability dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency for people to overestimate the
duration of their emotions |
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Term
| Basking in Reflected Glory |
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Definition
| The tendency for people to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom they are in some way associated, as when fans identify with a winning team. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that maintains that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values |
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Term
| Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic |
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Definition
People begin with a rough judgment as a
starting point (i.e., the anchor) and then
adjust this judgment in light of other
information |
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Term
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Definition
Judgments of likelihood are based on how
easily examples come to mind |
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Term
| Augmentation & Discounting Principles |
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Definition
| The idea that people should assign greater weight to a particular cause of behavior if other causes are present that would normally produce the opposite outcome versus the idea that people should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behavior if other plausible causes might have produced it |
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Term
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Definition
Forgetting disconfirming cases and
selectively recalling confirming cases |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| The process whereby judgments of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes or between cause and effect |
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Term
| Self-serving (Attributional) Bias |
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, bu to attribute success and other good events to oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive and depressed responses responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that two variables are correlated when, in fact, they are not |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened "if only" something had been done differently |
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Term
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Definition
| Misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences - actions that reinforce the erroneous group norm |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory holding that people try to maintain balance among their beliefs, cognitions, and sentiments |
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Term
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Definition
1. Specificity of attitudes/specificity of behavior
2. Time
3. Person
4. Consciousness of our self and actions
(Mindlessness) |
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Term
| Dual Process model of Persuasion |
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Definition
| A model of persuasion that maintains that there are two different routes of persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route |
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Term
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Definition
| Small attacks on people's beliefs that engage their attitudes, prior commitments, and knowledge structures, enabling them to counteract a subsequent larger attack and be resistant to persuasion |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that maintains that inconsistencies among a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency |
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Term
| Post-Decision Cognitive Dissonace |
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Definition
| Because the decision is hard, the rejected alternative must have some desirable features, the chosen alternative must have some undesirable features, or both. These elements are inconsistent with the choice that is made and hence produce dissonance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be |
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Term
| Insufficient Justification/Over Justification |
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Definition
| There was not enough reward to justify the action versus rewarding people for doing something theyenjoy, undermines the enjoyment |
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Term
| Compliance Gaining Strategies |
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Definition
– Reciprocity
– Commitment & consistency
– Social Validation
– Liking
– Authority
– Scarcity |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people reassert their prerogatives in response to the unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threaatened |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressure (whether real or imagined) from others |
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Term
| Milgram's Obedience Research |
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Definition
| An experiment where a "teacher" was told to shock the "learner" be the researcher, in which participants were much more obedient than had been anticipated |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| The influence of other people that comes from the individuals desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgments, and other social sanctions (for example, barbs, ostracism) |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| The influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective |
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Term
| Bait-and-Switch Technique |
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Definition
| Offering one thing and replacing it with something else at the last minute |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-Door Technique |
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Definition
| A compliance technique in which a person makes an initial small request with which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Offering a low price but then tacking on extras, which makes it less of a bargain |
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Term
| Why do we like each other? |
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Definition
– Proximity
– Similarity
– Competence
– Physical attractiveness
– People who like us |
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Term
| Equality Matching (exchange relationships) |
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Definition
| Relationships in which individuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| You get what you put into the relationiship |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus (for example an object or person) leads to greater liking of the stimulus |
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Term
| Proximity-Attraction Principle |
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Definition
| The finding that people are more likely to be attracted to those that are physically close to them |
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Term
| Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Love |
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Definition
| A theory that love has three major components (passion, intimacy, and commitment) which can be combined in different ways |
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Term
| Two Factor Theory of Love |
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Definition
| States that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of favoring those in one's own group to those in the outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| People's fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have regarding a group of which they are a member |
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Term
| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| A theory that group conflict, prejudice and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between two groups for limited resources |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory based on the idea that all relationships have costs and rewards, and that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards and the costs and rewards available to them in other relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards and the costs and rewards available to them in other relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Goals that transcend the interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together |
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Term
| Outgroup Homogeneity Effect |
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Definition
| The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups |
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Term
| Disassociation Model of Prejudice |
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Definition
2-step process to stereotyping
1. Automatic Process – Cultural stereotypes are automatically triggered.
2. Controlled Process – People decide whether to correct their automatic response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (for example, to attract attention, to acquire wealth, or to advance political and ideological causes) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Instincts
2. Biological Influences
3. Genetic Influence's
4. Biochemical Influences
5. Nature vs Nurture |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Theory |
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Definition
| A theory that elaborates the idea that frustration leads to aggression |
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Term
| Adaptation Level Phenomenon |
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Definition
The tendency to adapt to a given level of
stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception that you are worse off than the other people you compare yourself to |
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Term
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Definition
The release in tension follow
aggression |
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| A reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving assistance to someone in need on the part of those who have witnessed an emergency. Bystander intervention is generally reduced as the number of observers increases, because each person feels that someone else will probably help |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying with another person -feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing- accompanied by the intention to help the person in need |
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Term
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Definition
| Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self |
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Term
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Definition
| Both a negative and a positive mood make it more likely that a person will help |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a low number of bystanders, when they are not in a hurry, when the victim is an attractive women or someone similar to us |
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Term
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Definition
1. Attractive women in conventionally feminine attire
2. Those who are similar to us |
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Term
| Norm of Social Responsibility |
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Definition
| A norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them |
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Term
| Five-Step Decision Model of Helping |
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Definition
1. Notice
2. Interpret situation as an emergency
3. Assume responsibility
4. Know form of assistance
5. Offer Help |
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Term
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Definition
| Initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect - positive or negative - of the presence of others on performance |
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Term
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Definition
| In an individual's hierarchy of responses, the response he or she is most likely to make |
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Term
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Definition
| People's concern about how they might appear in the eyes of others -that is, about being evaluated |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory based on the idea that being ware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand, and that this attentional conflict is arousing and produces social facilitation effects |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of faulty thinking by highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to withhold information or opinions in group discussions |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals. What-ever way the individuals are leaning, group discussion tends to make them lean further in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to control our own outcomes and those of others; the freedom to act |
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Term
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Definition
| The outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence, which in part determines an individual's power within a group |
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Term
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Definition
| Power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior enacted with the goal of acquiring or demonstrating power |
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Term
| Approach/Inhibition Theory |
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Definition
| A theory that maintains that high-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgments, whereas low-power individuals are more likely to constrain their behavior and attend to others carefully |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group |
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Term
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Definition
| An enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that maintains that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values |
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Term
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Definition
| People's conviction that other people are attending to them -to their appearance and behavior- more than they actually areaa |
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Term
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Definition
| The beliefs, evaluations, and impressions people hold about an individual with a social network |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get |
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Term
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Definition
1. Socialization (direct observation of others, Norms, Media, products)
2. Social Structures (Inequalities, Institutional Law, Underlying Process)
3. Motivation (Just World Belief, Frustration, Self-Esteem Protection)
4. Social Cognition (Categorization, Availability Heuristic, Representativeness Heuristic, Illusory Correlations, Confirmation Bias, Behavioral Confirmation) |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy in which the individual's first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mics the other person's behavior, whether cooperative or competitive |
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