Term
| The two parts of the self (identity) |
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Definition
| Self-concept and self-awareness |
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Definition
| knowledge about who we are (sister, mother, have brown hair, student, smoker, etc.) |
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Definition
| the act of thinking about ourselves; |
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Definition
| develops around the age of 2 (in humans); self-concept develops with age (self-concept vs. self-awareness) |
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Definition
| Executive function (self-regulation) and organizational function (self-schemas) |
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Term
| Self-regulatory resource model |
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Definition
| people only have a limited amount of "will power" they can use throughout the day, which accounts for people giving up on goals late at night and why it its difficult to think about anything else (it is limited and therefore can't be spent on other tasks) |
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Term
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Definition
| mental structures that help us organize knowledge about ourselves (attitudes, personality, characteristics, likes, dislikes, etc.); can definitely lead to biased processing of memories and new information (i.e. things that go against the self-schema) |
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Definition
| the tendency to remember information better when it relates directly to you |
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Definition
| extent to which knowledge about the self is clearly and consistently defined; to which extent you can answer the question of "who am I?" (correlation between low self-concept clarity and low self-esteem ONLY in Western cultures) |
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Term
| Independent view of the self |
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Definition
| defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions (predominantly Western cultures/higher self-clarity) |
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| Interdependent view of the self |
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Definition
| defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people and recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts/feelings/actions of others (predominantly Eastern cultures/lower self-clarity) |
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Term
| Gender differences in self-identity |
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Definition
Western cultures: males will use an independent view of the self (I am honest, carefree, etc.) while woman will use a relational/interdependent view of the self (I am a sister, a good friend, etc.)
Eastern: no difference; equally relational view of the self |
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Term
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Definition
| "looking inwards" and examining our own thoughts, feelings, and actions (only 8% of daily thoughts) |
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| the idea that when people focus their conscious attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviors with their internal standards/values/morals |
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Term
| "Telling more than we know" |
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Definition
| refers to people's tendency to explain more about their feelings than they can possibly know |
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Term
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Definition
explanations for behaviors and feelings often learned through culture
ex. I'm in a bad mood because I didn't sleep well/it's Monday/it's raining/etc. |
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Definition
| the idea that when our attitudes/feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we rely on observing our own behavior to infer how we feel |
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Term
| Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivaiton |
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Definition
| motivation to do something for the sake of just doing it versus motivation from outside sources |
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Term
| Over-justification Effect |
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Definition
when people view their behavior as caused by extrinsic motivation, they will underestimate how much intrinsic motivation there way --> leads to a decrease in the behavior
ex. why you don't reward kids for reading at a young age |
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Term
| Task-contingent rewards versus performance-contigent rewards |
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Definition
rewards given just for completion of a task versus rewards given based on how well you performed on the task
ex. money for doing chores versus trophies |
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Definition
| the idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their views into our self-concept (not always accurate e.g. when you think that someone hates you) |
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Definition
the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people
ex. at a buffet, looking at other people's plates to see how much you should take |
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Term
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Definition
| who we look to for behavior norms in the social comparison theory |
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Term
| Downward social comparison |
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Definition
comparing ourselves to someone who is worse than we are in a particular ability/trait/behavior
-self-protecting, ego boost, self-enhancing |
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Term
| Upwards social comparison |
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Definition
comparing ourselves to someone who is better than we are in a particular ability/trait/behavior
-our usual versus the other = motivational
-our best versus the other = ego-deflating |
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Term
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Definition
| when who we really are and the person represented by our own personal morals, standards, values, etc. do not match up = distress |
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Term
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Definition
unrealistically positive view of oneself; Western culture phenomenon (Eastern cultures hold slightly negative views of themselves [self-effacement])
ex. everyone thinks that they are a bit above average; no one would like to think they are subpar |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people need to seek confirmation of their self-concept (honest opinions) whether the self-concept is negative or positive |
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