Term
|
Definition
| actions by individuals that helps another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
action inteded to souly benefit another
-no external reward to the helper
-no internal reward to the helper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity to experience other's emotional states |
|
|
Term
| empathy-altruism hypothesis |
|
Definition
| desire to help soeone in need |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV: Empathy for student
DV: Willingness to trade places
Hypthesis: when empathy is high, participants will be more likely to help.
Low empathetic consern: less than 20% willing to help
High empathetic concern: over 80% willing to help
Conclusion: empathy engages altruism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
help people who share our genes
goal: get our genes to next generation+ |
|
|
Term
| Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama (1994) |
|
Definition
IV: Degree of relatedness (cousin, brother,etc)
DV: Helping in everyday and life-or-death situation
Result: direct correlation between the two |
|
|
Term
| People are less likely to help when.. |
|
Definition
| they are in a group than when they are alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. noticing, or failing to notice
2. correctly interpret an event as an emergency
3. Diffusion of responsibility
4. decide that you have the skills/knowledge to help
5. make a final decision to help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV: degree of preoccupation with own affairs
-early, ontime, late conditions
DV: whether participant engaged in helping behavior |
|
|
Term
| correctly interpret an event as an emergency |
|
Definition
may only have limited info
embarrassing to interpret a sit. wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people often look to others for cues about how to behave |
|
|
Term
| if others do not react to a sit. it leads to... |
|
Definition
conclude situation is not an emergency
-leads to collective misunderstanding |
|
|
Term
| Latane & Darley (1968)Smoke study |
|
Definition
IV: Number of people in room
-alone or in room w/ 2 other ppl
Task: fill out questionaire
DV: whether or not problem was reported
Results:
-alone: 75% reported smoke
-2 others: 38% reported smoke
Conclusion: presence of others inhibits responsiveness |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present |
|
|
Term
| Darley & Latane (1968) seizure study |
|
Definition
IV: # of witnesses to emergency
DV: someone notifies researcher or not
alone: helped almost everytime
group: generally didn't help |
|
|
Term
| when emergencies require skills... |
|
Definition
| usually only a portion of bystanders are alone to help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more likely to help people we like
-age, attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| perceptions of responsiblity relates to... |
|
Definition
attribution theory
-more likely to help people who are not respobsible for their problem |
|
|
Term
| internal vs. external attribution |
|
Definition
internal:anger, no helping
external: sympathy, helping |
|
|
Term
| when we believe a person is responsible for their problems... |
|
Definition
observer reacts w/ anger
we don't feel obligated to help |
|
|
Term
| if a person is not respobsible for their problem we... |
|
Definition
we are more sympathetic
leads to willingness to help |
|
|
Term
| Piliavin, Rodin, & Pilivian (1969) Subway Study |
|
Definition
Confederate collapsed on floor of train
IV: walked w/ cane or drunk
DV: Helping behavior
Results:
-cane: helped on 95% of trials
-drunk: helped on 50% of trials
Conclusion: if victim is responsible for their prob. we are less likely to help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
man attacked woman
IV: "I don't know you"
"I don't know why I married you"
DV: helping behavior
resluts: 40% more likely to help w/ "I don't know you" |
|
|
Term
| positive emotions and helping behavior |
|
Definition
more likely to help when in a good mood than in a bad mood
-feeling good leads to helping bc:
*positive thoughts
*desire to maintain good mood
*behave according to values&ideals |
|
|
Term
| negative emotions and helping behavior |
|
Definition
under some circumstances being in a negative mood increases helping behavior:
*feelings of guilt
*perception that engaging in prosocial behavior will increase positive mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cluster of traits that are predisposes indiv. to behave prosocially:
1. empathy
2. belief in a just world
3. social responsibility
4. internal locus of control
5. low egocentrism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
towards strangers
in emergency situations |
|
|
Term
| females more helpful in.. |
|
Definition
close relationships
situations that require repeated contact over time |
|
|
Term
| lectures on the bystander effect |
|
Definition
| increase prosocial behavior |
|
|
Term
| more likely to help when they have |
|
Definition
| observed a helpful role model |
|
|
Term
| precieving all people as being part of.... increases helping behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| social adjustment and volunteering |
|
Definition
norms set by close, important others
allows people to fit in a get along with others
"people I'm close to want me to volunteer" |
|
|
Term
| Value expressive-volunteer |
|
Definition
allows people to act on or reaffirm values or convictions
"I feel it is important and valuable to help others" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows people to learn more about their career
enhances their resume
"volunteering will help me to succeed in my chosen profession" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows people to learn more about the world and learn new skills
"I can learn more about the cause for which I'm working" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deal with inner conflicts
"I like to help people who are less fortunate than myself" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychological growth and development
allows people to feel better about themselves |
|
|
Term
| does madatory volunteerism work? |
|
Definition
result in a large number of volunteers
decreases interest in future volunteer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of people bonded together in a coherent unit |
|
|
Term
| idea behind : humans are obligatorily interdependent |
|
Definition
| groups are necessary for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indiv. members are bonded to eachother
ex. sports, work teams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
members simply linked by a common category
ex. gender or national groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which a group is perceived as a coherent entitiy (bond) |
|
|
Term
| entitativity increases with... |
|
Definition
| frequent and important interatcion, common goals, similarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individuals position or rank within the group |
|
|
Term
| status in groups can be attained by... |
|
Definition
| physical traits (attractiveness, height), behavior, seniority |
|
|
Term
| high status group members exhibit.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of behaviors expected of people who hold certain positions |
|
|
Term
| Standford Prison Experiment |
|
Definition
prisoners: became passive and depressed
guards: became brutal
conclusion: people acted consistent with the role |
|
|
Term
| Standford Prison Experiment |
|
Definition
prisoners: became passive and depressed
guards: became brutal
conclusion: people acted consistent with the role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules or expectations concerning member behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
be inplicit or explicit
vary cross-culturally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain harmony among group members e ven if it involves personal cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals stand out from one another even if it leads to disagreements |
|
|
Term
| Hornsey, Jetten, McAuliffe, & Hogg (2006) |
|
Definition
-student participants who were either high or low in school identification
-IV: norms described as individualistic or collectivistic
DV: evaluation of a student dissenter
Results: High identifiers: dissenter liked under indiv. nors, but not collectivistic norsm
low identifiers: norms had no impact on evaluation of dissenter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forces that cause members to stay in the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group members tell us what kind of person we are |
|
|
Term
| memberships are tied to self-concept |
|
Definition
| makes it difficult to leave; painful when rejected |
|
|
Term
| maintaining high self-esteem |
|
Definition
| joining a presetigious group can provide a positive self-image |
|
|
Term
| achieving collective goals |
|
Definition
| working as a group is more likely to yield social change compared to working alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-restriction of personal freedom- follow norms or be punished
-demands on personal time, energy, & resources
-grop values may change over time |
|
|
Term
| changing group values may lead to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spliting of group following a change in political values or philosophy |
|
|
Term
| schisms may lead people to: |
|
Definition
-withdraw from group
-form a new group |
|
|
Term
| why do people stay in costly groups? |
|
Definition
-barriers to leaving can be high
*investments made to join the group are lost if you leave
-cognitive dissonance may cause one to stay
*putting effort into joining an unattractive group may actually increase group commitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of others can influence our performance |
|
|
Term
| distraction-conflict theory |
|
Definition
| during task performance, the presence of others is distracting. This creates attentinal conflict that enhances arousal |
|
|
Term
| drive theory of social facilitation |
|
Definition
| the mere presence of others increases arousal which facilitates well-learned responses and inhibits new response |
|
|
Term
| if youre already good at something, the presence of others is likely to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if youve never done it before, having others around is likely to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social Facilitation is not limited to people- Zajonc et al (1969) |
|
Definition
Cockroaches running a maze
IV: was there a roach audience or not?
DV: how fast maze was completed
results: roaches were faster when being watched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced effort/ motivation when individual work in groups instead of alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group project results from combo of efforts of indiviual members (construction workers, splitting check at rest) |
|
|
Term
| social loafing is most likely to occur on.... tasks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latane, Williams, & Harkins (1979) |
|
Definition
male college student volunteers asked to cheer as loudly as possible
IV: size of group
DV: amount of noise produced
results + group size +overall noise
+groupsize - individual noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believing you have less to contribute to overall task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believing the group treats you unfairly |
|
|
Term
| factors that increase likelihood of loafing: |
|
Definition
| dispensibility and unfair treatment |
|
|
Term
| techniques for reducing loafing: |
|
Definition
1. individual output must be identifiable
2. each member must believe that their contribution is important and unique
3. the tast must be percieved as having value or consequence
4. the group must be cohesive |
|
|
Term
| sometimes, members of large groups and crowds get into trouble...why? |
|
Definition
1. deindividuation- reduced self-awareness as a result of being in a large crowd
2. leads people to act as others do; increases behavior for that group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examined deindividuation by having participants wear masks or not
IV: participants dressed as KKK members or nurses
DV: Intensity of shock administered
when deindividuated, aggression was: intensified for KKK, reduced for nurses
therefore, consequences of deindividuation appear to depnd on: norms of the group |
|
|
Term
| Group conflict when goals cannot be shared |
|
Definition
when self interests compete with those of other members of the group, conflic arises
(promotion at work) |
|
|
Term
| when the situation involves social dilemma group conflict arises: |
|
Definition
| your outcomes improve if you act selfishly; but if everyone does the same thing, everybody suffers. (if you dont act selfishly you might miss out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two suspected criminals are caught- do they stay silent or confess?
if both stay silent: win-win
if both confess: lose-lose
if one stays silent and one confesses: lose-win
*most people act selfishly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
everyone benefits from the public good, regardless of whether they contribute to it (public park)
if everyone donates: everyone wins
if nobody donates: everyone loses
if you don't donate but other people do: you win but everyone else loses |
|
|
Term
| more likely to cooperate when: |
|
Definition
1. actors have a prosocial orientation
2. actors identify strongly w/ a common group
3. actors can communicate (reminds them that someone else is involved
4. punishment for acting uncooperatively |
|
|
Term
| conflict likely to happen :when faulty attributions are made: |
|
Definition
| assuming a negative outcome occured bc of another's actions, even if it isn't true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conflict likely to happen: when there is a desire for revenge |
|
Definition
| history of negative interactions may lead to hostility |
|
|
Term
| conflict likely to happen: when there is a history of poor group performance |
|
Definition
| failure leads group members to blame eachother |
|
|
Term
| conflict likely to happen when: fairness is not present |
|
Definition
| when you aren't getting fair deal, you may become resentful |
|
|
Term
| 2 major types of fairness |
|
Definition
1. distrubutive justice: are we receiving our fair share of rewards? ( getting out what put in)
2. procedural justice: are the procedures for distributing rewards fair? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of offers, counter offfers, and concessions |
|
|
Term
| making integrative agreements |
|
Definition
| maximizing joint interests rather than splitting differences down the middle |
|
|
Term
| creating superordinate goals |
|
Definition
goals that can only be achieved by cooperation
(similar to Robber's cave experiment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for groups to shift towards more extreme positions than those initially held |
|
|
Term
| in reality, shift goes in direction of: |
|
Definition
| the groups initial preference |
|
|
Term
| why does polarization occur? biased discussion |
|
Definition
| consistent info is discussed and repeatedmore (# of arguements + increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we try to become "better" group members |
|
|
Term
| highly cohesive groups tend to: |
|
Definition
1. assume they can't be wrong
2. ignore contrary info
3. pressure members to conform |
|
|
Term
| why does groupthink occur? |
|
Definition
1. extreme cohesiveness- strong identification w/ group and its cause
2. resistance to outside criticism- criticism strengthens cohesiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior intendid to injure another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
*it is behavior NOT angry feelings
*the intent is to harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"hot" impulsive, angry behavior that is motivated by a desire to harm someone
(ex. husband finds his wife and lover in bed together. shoots and kills both of them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "cold", premeditated, calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical end (hitman kills someone for money) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harming by withholding a behavior (purposely failing to convey an important message) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harming others by performing a behavior (spreading rumors that your ex-partner has an STD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agressive energy must be released |
|
|
Term
| Freud: Society Regulates these instincts: |
|
Definition
| helps people turn energy into acceptable behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic survival rather than survival of the individual
*males aggress to establish dominance |
|
|
Term
| Evidence that males aggress to establish dominance |
|
Definition
-males more aggressive toward other males than females
-males more likely to engage in violence during peak reproductive years- inhibition of aggression against genetically related others |
|
|
Term
| amygdala: associalted w/ aggressive behaviors |
|
Definition
-when stimulated docile animals become violent
-when blocked violent animals become docile
-modified by social facors |
|
|
Term
| testosterone and aggression |
|
Definition
-hormone linked to masculine body development and aggressive behavior
-drugs that diminish testosterone reduce aggressive tendencies
-after 25 testosterone levels and violent crimes decrease
-levels higher in violent criminals than nonviolent criminals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-restrains impulsive acts of aggression
-low levels of serotonin associated with high levels of aggression
-boosting serotonin can decrease aggression |
|
|
Term
| limitations of biological explanations |
|
Definition
-human beings aggress against others in many different ways (ignoring, overt acts of violence)
-cutural variability in aggressive behaviors (individualist versus collectivistic cultures)
-most studies are correlational |
|
|
Term
| Drive Theories on aggression |
|
Definition
aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others
*aggressive drive leads to acts of aggression |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-aggression hypthesis: |
|
Definition
frustration leads to some form of aggression
*assumptions:
-frustraition always leads to aggresson
-aggression always stems from frustraition |
|
|
Term
| problems with aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
-many causes of aggression (frustraition is a relatively weak cause)
-many resonses to frustraition (sadness, despair, depression |
|
|
Term
| revised hypothesis of aggression |
|
Definition
| any unpleasant stimulation will lead to aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings |
|
|
Term
| social learning perspective on aggression |
|
Definition
| we learn aggression by observing and imitating others and by being rewarded/punished for aggression |
|
|
Term
| direct reward of aggression |
|
Definition
| ex. father buys son ice cream after he wins a fight |
|
|
Term
| observing others being rewarded for aggressiveness |
|
Definition
| ex.a tv character wins the girl of his dreams as a result of killing people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV: children exposed or not exposed to adults aggresion against bobo dol
-children who observed the aggressive role model were more likely to attack bobo doll |
|
|
Term
| General aggression model (GAM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GAM model's imput variables lead to aggression through their impact on three processes: |
|
Definition
1. arousal: increase excitement/arousal
2. affective states: hostile feelings
3. cognitions: hostile thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social determinants
media influences |
|
|
Term
| social determinants and aggression |
|
Definition
provocation: actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in recipient
*one of the strongest causes of human aggression
*heightened arousal can enhance aggression |
|
|
Term
| heightened transfer theory |
|
Definition
| arousal produced in one situation can intensify emotional reaction occuring in later situations |
|
|
Term
| media influences and aggression |
|
Definition
1994-97 6 in 10 shows had violence
*73% of aggressors went unpunished
*58% of victims not shown to be in pain |
|
|
Term
| positive correlation for men between exposure to.. |
|
Definition
| pornography and reported sexually aggressive behaviors and attitudes |
|
|
Term
| aggression and cultural factors |
|
Definition
| beliefs, norms and expectations in a given culture can influence aggresion |
|
|
Term
| culture of honor and aggression |
|
Definition
aggression is an appropraite response to an insult to one's honor
"only blood can restore lost honor" |
|
|
Term
| Southern US: more honor related homicides (Nisbett et al, 1995) |
|
Definition
| ex. more homicides per capita that are argument related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Task: male college students deliver materials to lab at end of hallway
Narrow hallway, had to walk past confederate
IV1: particpants insulted or not insulted
IV2: Particpant from south or north
DV: emotional reaction to insults
results: North: more amused and less angry
South: more angry and less amused (more likely to be hostile) |
|
|
Term
| personality factors and aggression |
|
Definition
Type A:
*competitiveness
*Time urgency
*hostility
More likely to engage in hostile aggression, child abuse, spouse abuse |
|
|
Term
| narcissism and aggression |
|
Definition
high self-esteem, feelings of superiortiy, need for admiration, sensitivity to criticism and lack of empathy
react with high levels of aggression feedback that threatens self-image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males more likely to be aggressive
when provoked gender differences become much smaller
males are more likely to employ direct aggression (physical attacks)
females more likely to employ indirect aggression (spreading rumors) |
|
|
Term
| situational determinants- aggressive stimulus |
|
Definition
| objects whose presence increase probability of aggression (a gun) |
|
|
Term
| Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) |
|
Definition
participants made angry
IV: gun or badmition racket
DV: intensity of shocks
results: higher shock intensity when aggressive cue (gun) was in room |
|
|
Term
| Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) |
|
Definition
participants made angry
IV: gun or badmition racket
DV: intensity of shocks
results: higher shock intensity when aggressive cue (gun) was in room |
|
|
Term
| temperature and aggression |
|
Definition
| aggression increases with temperature up to a certain point, increases in assaults, murders and riots |
|
|
Term
| How does alcohol increase aggression? |
|
Definition
*alcohol reduces anxiety which lowers inhibitions against aggression
*intoxication causes alcohol myopia (narrow focus of attention)
*disruption in the way we process social information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggression is primarily "one way" |
|
|
Term
| why do people engage in bullying? |
|
Definition
*motivation to have power over another
* motivation to be a member of a group that is seen as tough
*countering negative feelings of depression (mostly just in females) |
|
|
Term
| bullying needs to be seen as a serious problem.. |
|
Definition
*people in authority must take a stand against it
* victims must be provided with means for dealing with bullying
*outside help identifying cause and developing programs to reduce bullying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*obstructionism: impeding target's performance
*withholding important information
*incivility : low intensity behavior, ambiguous intent
*rude e-mails
*exclusion from meetings
*overt aggression: work place violence |
|
|
Term
| sexual aggression among college students |
|
Definition
*of the 3, 187 females surveyed on 32 college campuses:
*over 25% reported hving experienced either an attempted or completed rape since age 14
*over 50% of these assaults occured during a date |
|
|
Term
| factors associated with sexual aggression among college students: |
|
Definition
*men more likely to engage in coercive behavior in order to obtain sex
*alcohol consumption
*attitudes toward rape and toward women |
|
|
Term
| physical aggression between partners |
|
Definition
higher levels of wife-to-husband violence than husband-to-wife violence
*consequences more damaging to women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*estimated over 1 million children are physically abused and over 150,000 sexually abused
*most severe abuse is often inflicted by parents and caretakers
*boys suffer more physical abuse than girls do
*mothers more likely to physically abuse their children
*girls suffer more sexual abuse than boys do
*fathers are more likely to sexually abuse their children |
|
|
Term
| reducing aggression and catharsis |
|
Definition
the aggressive drive is reduced when one releases energy
-direct
-fantasy
-displacement
evidence: viewing or participating in violence fails to produce catharsis
-may actually increase aggression |
|
|
Term
| punishment works only if it meets 4 requirements |
|
Definition
1. prompt
2. certain
3. strong
4. justified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-romantic friends who are sexually involved |
|
|
Term
| Puentes, Knox, & Zusman (2008) |
|
Definition
| -sample of 1,013 undergraduates, 51% had experienced with a FWB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| men have more interest in casual sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| women are judged more harshly than men for engaging in sexually permissive behaviors |
|
|
Term
| women's casual sex is more legitimate if: |
|
Definition
| she is emotionally involved with her partner |
|
|
Term
| different reasons for starting FWB relationships in men and women |
|
Definition
men : they desire sex
women: they deire intimacy/emotional connection |
|
|
Term
| men should be more commited to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| women should be more committed to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| men should want the relationship to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| women should want the relationship to: |
|
Definition
| shift to something more socially acceptable |
|
|
Term
| results:reasons for starting FWB |
|
Definition
desire for sex: 56% women 72% men
desire for emotional connection: 37% women 25% men |
|
|
Term
| results for average commitment to different aspects of FWB |
|
Definition
commitment to friendship: 6.57 women, 6.19 men
commitment to sexual relationshp 5.56 women 5.86 men |
|
|
Term
| wegner, lane, & dimitri (1994) |
|
Definition
*secrecy may increase initial attraction to a partner
* participants recalled past secret relationship as "hot" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in ongoing relationship, secrecy was associated with lower relationship quality (less in love and less physically attracted) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in ongoing relationships, secrecy was associated with reduced relationship commitment, and worse health for the partners |
|
|
Term
| these negative consequences may occur because secrecy: |
|
Definition
1. limits physical and psychological closeness to a partner
2. makes people feel badly about their relationship |
|
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Term
| who keeps their relatinship a secret? |
|
Definition
interracial/interethnic
interreligious/ interfaith
mixed socio-economic background
same sex
age-gap
affair |
|
|
Term
| who do people keep their relationships from |
|
Definition
parents
close friends
siblings
co-workers
employers/ supervisors
roommates
"others" |
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