Term
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Definition
Survival of the fittest.
The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that are best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection. |
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Term
| Cross-cultural psychology |
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Definition
| Psychology that considers the cultural context, rather than by the evolutionary (same built-in software) or traditional (we are all blank slates) |
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Term
| Evolutionary v. Traditional v. Cross-cultural |
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Definition
EP: Emphasis on human kinship and species typical universals. We all have the SAME built-in software.
Trad: We are all blank slates--all-purpose learners w/ little "pre-installed software."
Cross-cultural: Emphasis on human diversity; variations across the world and how it impacts us. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Independence v. Connectedness
2) Social Dominance
3) Aggression
4) Sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that certain groups have roles in society.
For example, traditionally, men are providers and women are nurturers. |
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Term
| Buss' studies of mating preferences |
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Definition
Study of 37 cultures:
-Women <3 older men w/ resources, status, and maturity
-Men <3 younger women w/ looks and health |
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Term
| Parental investment theory |
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Definition
| Idea that women have a greater investment into offspring than males, since they have invested more into the child (aka--pushing a baby out) |
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Term
| Inherited mental mechanisms v. general learner perspectives |
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Definition
Inherited mental mechanisms suggests an evolutionary perspective. We have the same pre-installed software.
v.
General learner perspectives suggests the traditional psychology point of view which suggests that we learn things as we go along. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low levels of hostility and aggression and mutually beneficial relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychology, the characteristics whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
A situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self interests, become caugt in mutually destructive behavior.
Ex: Prisoner's Dilemma or Tragedy of the Commons |
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Term
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Definition
| Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit. |
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Definition
A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another.
EX: Independence Day--aliens unite all. |
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Definition
| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
Standards for accepted and expected behaviors.
They prescribe "proper" and "normal" behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The personal bubble we all love and enjoy. Its size depends on our familiarity w/ whomever is near us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting oneself in another's shoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm. |
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Term
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Definition
Andro (man) + gyn (woman)
Mixing masculine and feminine characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as bio) depends on another factor (such as environment). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which gender differences evolve due to w/in sex competition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motive to increase another's welfare w/o conscious regard for one's self-interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egoistic theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs. |
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Term
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Definition
A motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one's own welfare.
The opposite of altruism. |
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Term
| Batson's model of "genuine" altruism |
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Definition
The key to true altruism is empathy.
When viewing another's distress, it is important to remove egoistic motivation by inducing empathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
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Term
| Social-responsibility norm |
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Definition
| Expectation that people will help those who need it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person is less likely to help when there are bystanders present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually-shared genes. |
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Term
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Definition
Helping evolved through reciprocal altruism processes and extends to non-kin.
EX: We help those affected by tsunami disaster; we expect them to help us when in need. |
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Term
| Latane and Darley's 3-stage model of helping |
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Definition
Potential helpers must:
1) Notice
2) Interpret as an emergency
3) Assume responsibility |
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Term
| Failure to notice (Latane and Darley) |
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Definition
| Perhaps b/c of time pressure (Samaritan experiment) distractedness. |
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Term
| Failure to interpret (Latane and Darley) |
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Definition
| B/c others seem unconcerned (informational influence) or one doesn't want to stand out (normative influence) |
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Term
| Failure to assume responsibility (Latane and Darley) |
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Definition
| B/c of social loafing, fear of being hurt, lack of empathy, or compassion fatigue. |
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Term
| Effects of positive and negative moods |
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Definition
:-) equates into more likely to help
;-(
-low self-esteem/guilt = more help
-angry/depressed/grief = less help |
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Term
| Ways to increase helping behavior |
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Definition
1) Create empathy
2) Guilt trip
3) Door-in-the-face technique
4) Model altruism
5) Educate on social psych. findings |
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Term
| Normative influence v. Informational influence |
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Definition
NI: Conformity to fit other's expectations, often to gain acceptance.
II: Conformity when people accept evidence provided by others. |
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Term
| Normative v. information influence's explanations of non-helping |
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Definition
Norm: Not help due to peer pressure to not help. Could stem from loafing or desire to not stand out.
II: Do not help b/c one has been convinced that it is not appropriate to help and now believes it to be true. |
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Term
| Personality traits that influence helping |
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Definition
1) Empathy
2) Self-monitoring (if norms say to help)
3) Religiosity |
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Term
| Cheater-detection mechanism |
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Definition
Who can I/we trust?
Who will try to take advantage of me/us? |
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Term
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Definition
| The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network. |
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Term
| Door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
A strategy for gaining a concession.
Turn down large request, then offer more reasonable request :) |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary w/in which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. |
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Term
| Over justification effect |
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Definition
The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing.
They may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. |
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Term
| Zero v. non-zero sum games |
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Definition
0: One is a winner, one is a loser. No middle ground.
Non-0: Outcomes need not sum to zero. W/ cooperation, both can win. W/ competition, both can lose. |
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Term
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Definition
Suggests the best outcome for all occurs when all unite together.
The best for us occurs when we put ourselves first. |
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Term
| Give-some and Take-some games |
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Definition
Give: Don't give enough to a common resource.
Take: Take too much from a common resource. |
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Term
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Definition
The "commons" is any shared resource (EX: air, water, energy sources)
The tragedy occurs when individuals/groups consume more than their fair share. . . coughcough America coughcough. . . w/ the cost dispersed among all |
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Term
| What kicks off the "defection cycle"? |
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Definition
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Term
| How to induce cooperation instead of competition? |
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Definition
| Not by threats or the capacity to make threats. |
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Term
| Axelrod's tit-for-tat findings |
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Definition
1) Be nice at first
2) Punish, if necessary
3) Forgive when opponent repents |
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Term
| Social value orientations |
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Definition
| Types people as being either cooperators, individualists, or competitors. |
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Term
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Definition
A social value orientation.
Goal--Maximize joint outcome
Non-zero sum assumption. |
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Term
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Definition
A social value orientation.
Goal--Maximize joint outcome
BUT ZERO sum assumption |
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Term
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Definition
A social value orientation.
Goal--Maximize difference between self and other
Zero sum assumption |
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Term
| Mirror-image misperceptions |
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Definition
Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict
Each may view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive.
EX: Israel and Palestine; both view each other as brutal enemies, while acting as defenders of their countries. |
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Term
| Sherif's study of boys at camp |
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Definition
A study designed to test group influences.
Particularly interesting was the result of the final experiment. The boys were broken into two groups and evolved to a competitive point where it became an us v. them mentality. The boys often overestimated their own group's abilities, while underestimating their adversaries. |
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Term
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Definition
A learning strategy utilized to ease conflict.
In groups, each student is assigned a particular piece of information. From their these students meet w/ other students from other groups who also have the same info assigned. Thus, the students become experts on their part of the information. The students then return to their "jigsaw" group where they each present their piece of the puzzle. The idea is to ease conflict b/c every student has to listen to the presentation of the others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement. |
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Term
Bargaining
v. Mediation
v. Arbitration |
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Definition
B: Agreement between two parties
M: Agreement between two parties, w/ help from a neutral third party
A: Neutral third party determines a solution |
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Term
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Definition
"Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction"
A strategy designed to deescalate international tensions. |
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Term
| Problems w/ eyewitness testimony |
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Definition
1) Mis-encoding due to stress or wrong attention of focus or outgroup homogeneity (they all look the same!)
2) misretrieval due to leading questions
3) inability to judge witness' accuracy or lying
4) line up biases and/or issues |
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Term
| Problems w/ accused facing the jury |
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Definition
1) Beauty = good
2) Similarity - the more like me, the less likely I am to convict or punish harshly |
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Term
| Problems w/ sequestered jury |
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Definition
1) Groupthink- reach bad decision
2) Normative influence- Conform to fulfill other's expectation (while secretly disagreeing) in order to fit in |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it. |
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Term
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Definition
A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom.
It arises when someone threatens our freedom of action.
EX: Judge may state to disregard a statement, but the jury may react against it to maintain freedom of action. |
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Term
| Is the American economy and lifestyle sustainable? |
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Definition
Not sustainable--it would take 6 planet Earths to sustain it.
Moreover, the US has become more materialistic and controls more of the world's wealth. |
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Term
| Is "the pursuit of happiness" the problem? |
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Definition
| In a word-yes. In the quest to be happy, we tend to focus on financial success, which has become increasingly difficult to achieve. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Leading a virtuous life
2) Life-satisfaction
3) Mood balance |
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Term
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Definition
Happiness definition.
:) = adhering to society's vision of morality. |
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Term
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Definition
Happiness definition.
:) = having a positive cognitive evaluation of one's life as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
Happiness definition.
:) = having many positive moods and few negative moods. |
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Term
| Researchers' definition of happiness |
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Definition
| The combination of high positive mood, high life-satisfaction, and low negative mood. |
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Term
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Definition
Between countries: People who live in wealthier countries tend to be happier.
EX: Don't have to worry about where the next meal is coming from.
W/in a country: Money has a weak association w/ happiness. Plus, countries that get richer tend not to get happier. |
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Term
| Adaptation-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others. |
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